100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Summary Chapter 1 Introduction $3.20
Add to cart

Summary

Summary Chapter 1 Introduction

4 reviews
 78 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • Institution
  • Book

This is a summary of chapter 1 Introduction. With all of my summaries for this course I passed it with an 8!

Preview 2 out of 5  pages

  • No
  • Chapter 1
  • March 26, 2021
  • 5
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary

4  reviews

review-writer-avatar

By: kallah2002 • 2 year ago

review-writer-avatar

By: asterwesselink • 3 year ago

review-writer-avatar

By: nvanstee • 3 year ago

review-writer-avatar

By: betelhemtariku • 3 year ago

avatar-seller
Oncology – Chapter 1 Introduction
Definitions
Incidence: the number of new cases of cancer that is registered within a certain
period (mostly 1 year). The incidence is mostly expressed as the number of new
cases per 100.000 inhabitants (persons) each year = the crude incidence rate

Prevalence: comprises all persons who somewhere in time have been diagnosed
with cancer and are still living at a certain date – diverse group ranging from persons
who have been cured from cancer in the past to persons who just have been
diagnosed with cancer
 5-year prevalence: all still living cancer patients who have been diagnosed
with cancer during the previous 5 years

Mortality: the number of patients who died as a result of cancer within a certain
period

Survival: the percentage of patients still living at a certain period after diagnosis. The
survival observed is corrected for the expected death within the Dutch population
comparable with respect to gender, age and calendar year.

Basics
The numbers of cancers are increasing because:
1. We have an aging (verouderen) population
2. We can better detect cancer

For female breast cancer is the most common
For male prostate cancer is the most common
Second for both is skin
Third for both in intestine

The cancer mortality also increases because:
1. The population is increasing
2. The population is aging (verouderen)

The survival of cancer increases

Type of cancer related to:
 Lung cancer: smoking – men stopped smoking women
started smoking at a later stage
 Oesophagus: alcohol drinking
 Melanoma: sun exposure

What is cancer
 Cancer is a group of diseases – more than 100 cancer types can be
distinguished
 Uncontrolled cell growth
 Cancer grows invasive and forms metastases
(uitzaaiingen)
 Cancer is clonal; all cells in primary tumor arise from a
single cell

,  Tumor is a mass of cells and tumors are heterogenous (cancer cells continue
to change and thus show distinct morphological and phenotypic profiles– see
different colours picture above). Heterogenous looks similar to Darwinian
evolution.
o Benign tumours (goedaardig) are no cancer
o Malignant tumours are cancer

Example in endometrium of uterus
 Benign tumour: leiomyoma
 Malignant tumour: leiomyosarcoma

3 reasons why malignant tumour is life threatening:
1. Invasion of organs disturbs organ function
2. Cancer cells compete with normal cells for nutrients and
oxygen
3. Growing tumours can cause obstructions

Differences between carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sarcoma and lymphoma
Carcinomas arise from epithelia (±85% of all cancers – so high because epithelia
forms outer surface of the body and outer surface of digestive system
Adenocarcinomas arise from glandular tissue (e.g. breast)
Sarcomas arise from mesodermal tissues (e.g. bone, muscle)
Lymphomas arise from (progenitors of) white blood cells

Carcinogen
Carcinogen is an agent causing cancer
It causes alternations in the DNA of a cell – the accumulation of mutations in the DNA
of a cells causes stepwise development of cancer (carcinogenesis)

Development of cancer (oncogenese/carcinogenesis)
Normal epithelium  hyperplasia  dysplasia  carcinoma in
situ  invasive carcinoma  lymph node and distant
metastases (uitzaaiingen)

We can characterise tumour progression by:
1. Histological evaluation
2. Molecular markers
a. Chromosomal alterations
b. Gene expression alterations

Normally there is a balance between proliferation, apoptosis and
differentiation
 Tumor cell: permanently disturbed balance – this can be caused by
stimulate of cells to proliferate – or this can be caused by inhibition of
differentiation or inhibition of apoptosis
 Wound healing: temporary disturbed balance

Oncogenes are the drivers of tumor cell proliferation
 Normal genes (proto-oncogenes) which are switched on by mutations; so all
normal cells have genes that have the potential to become oncogenic

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller biomedicalsciencesvu. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $3.20. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

53068 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$3.20
  • (4)
Add to cart
Added