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Summary OCR Geography A Level - HAZARDOUS EARTH case study - Indonesia volcanic eruption
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Case study of Volcanic eruption in Indonesia. Covers each spec point one by one.
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VOLCANIC ERUPTION – INDONESIA (LIDC)VOLCANOLOGY
80 active volcanoes eg Mount Merapi, Krakatoa
Island arc formed by subduction of Indo-Australian under Eurasian
WHY PEOPLE LIVE THERE
Fertile soils on slopes of volcanoes terraced to allow for farming
Vast geothermal energy potential – renewable resource
LIDC so no other choice
Indonesia’s history and culture are closely tied to volcanoes
¾ of population live within 100km of an active volcano
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLITICAL IMPACTS OF ERUPTION – Merapi 2010 (VEI 4)
Social
367 people killed, 277 injured, 410,000 became refugees
Evacuation centres were overcrowded leading to poor sanitation, no privacy and serious disease risk
Economic
Livestock killed and crops destroyed significant as 40% employed in agriculture
Closure of airport for 2 weeks
70% decline in tourism - $1 billion lost in tourist revenue significant as island is dependent on tourism and
makes up a huge part of the economy and employment
o President went to Bali to aim to re-attract tourists
Environmental
Pyroclastic flows up to 15 km, huge lahars, volcanic bomb.
Emissions of sulphur dioxide caused acid rain further damage to buildings and farmland.
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Modify event itself
Authorities have cleared river channels of volcanic material to reduce risk of flooding and to contain lahars
which are biggest threat (large quantities of ash erupted and high levels of precipitation)
Modify vulnerability
CVGHM set up observatories on several active volcanoes – 60 volcanoes monitored
CVGHM also works closely with local governmentsadvises them on mitigation eg community preparedness
Permanent settlement is forbidden on highest slopes of Merapi.
Villagers on southern slope (most vulnerable) have been encouraged to locate to safe zones given
financial assistance and plots of land as incentives
However, hard to prepare well due to poor funding due to weak economy and LIDC status. Also managing
volcanoes is a low priority as Indonesia has many other problems eg political tension since independence.
Also, large problem is that people have strong emotional attachment to their home willing to take risks.
Modify losses
Limited resources to deploy following an eruption
o Rescue operations not as advanced – rescue vehicles not well equipped (Iceland = v advanced)
o Paper masks are distributed (lceland = sophisticated masks)
Some well-trained emergency services eg military but not as large scale and equipped as Iceland
Many villagers urged to leave but only those within 4 miles were forced to do so
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