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College aantekeningen Microbiologie BM5
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Uitgebreide aantekeningen het theorievak Microbiologie course BM5 leerjaar - Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, BML
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Microbiologie BM6Inhoudsopgave
Kahoot.................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Protisten................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Gisten................................................................................................................................................................................................5
Filamenteuze schimmels.............................................................................................................................................................5
Celwand van schimmels...................................................................................................................................................................6
Ascomyceten.....................................................................................................................................................................................7
Basidiomyceten................................................................................................................................................................................7
Aseksuele en seksuele sporen in schimmels............................................................................................................................. 7
Reproductie van schimmels..................................................................................................................................................... 8
Mitose..................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Het belang van schimmels & gisten.......................................................................................................................................... 9
Kahoot les 1............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Bacteria en Archea.................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Celwand van bacteriën.....................................................................................................................................................................9
Peptidoglycaan synthese (Brock H7.5)...........................................................................................................................................10
Peptidoglycaanlaag in gram-negatieve bacteriën.....................................................................................................................11
Peptidoglycaanlaag in gram-positieve bacteriën......................................................................................................................11
Gram-positievel celwand....................................................................................................................................................... 11
Gram negatieve celwand....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Zuurvaste bacteriën............................................................................................................................................................... 12
Archea................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
S-layer................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Wat voor soort organismen heb je bij archea?....................................................................................................................... 14
Een paar voorbeelden van archea: Haloarchae....................................................................................................................... 14
Methanogenen...............................................................................................................................................................................14
Kahoot les 3........................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Virussen - algemeen.............................................................................................................................................................. 14
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)................................................................................................................................................... 15
Virion.................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Symmetrische structuren....................................................................................................................................................... 16
Coronavirussen...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
1
,Waarom zijn virussen belangrijk?........................................................................................................................................... 17
Virusreplicatie....................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Kweek van virussen............................................................................................................................................................... 17
Plaque assay...................................................................................................................................................................................17
Temperate bacteriofagen....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Virusinfecties in dierlijke cellen.............................................................................................................................................. 18
CRISPR-CAS / natuurlijke afweer tegen bacteriofagen door bacteriën.....................................................................................19
Kahoot les 4........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Symbiose............................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Korstmos (Lichen).................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Symbiose in planten.............................................................................................................................................................. 20
Wortelknolletjes (root nodules)......................................................................................................................................................20
Wortelsysteem formatie.................................................................................................................................................................20
Biochemische stikstoffixatie................................................................................................................................................... 21
Mycorrhizae.......................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Ectomycorrhizae.............................................................................................................................................................................22
Endomycorrhizae............................................................................................................................................................................22
Argobacterium en de crown gall disease................................................................................................................................ 23
Het TI plasmmide............................................................................................................................................................................23
Toepassing in de biotechnologie....................................................................................................................................................23
Kahoot les 5........................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Humane microbiota............................................................................................................................................................... 24
Microbiota vs microbioom..............................................................................................................................................................25
Waarom microbiota bestuderen?..................................................................................................................................................25
Hoe moet je microbiota bestuderen?..................................................................................................................................... 25
Hoeveel microbiota is er aanwezig in de mens?...................................................................................................................... 26
Kolonisatie van microbiota.................................................................................................................................................... 26
Interactie met het epithelium................................................................................................................................................ 26
De flora van het maagdarm kanaal......................................................................................................................................... 27
Maag..............................................................................................................................................................................................27
Helicobacter pylori....................................................................................................................................................................27
Dunne darm....................................................................................................................................................................................27
Dikke darm.....................................................................................................................................................................................27
Voedingseffecten van de darmflora....................................................................................................................................... 28
2
,Bescherming door de darmflora............................................................................................................................................. 28
De rol van microbiota in de darmen...............................................................................................................................................28
De rol van darmflora op obesitas..............................................................................................................................................28
De verstoring van microbiota................................................................................................................................................. 29
Antibiotica en microbiota (Clostridium difficile)..................................................................................................................... 29
Pathogenese.......................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Kahoot les 6........................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Virulentie factoren................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Virulentie factoren van Staphylococcus aureus....................................................................................................................... 30
(Micro)capsule................................................................................................................................................................................30
Hyaluronidase.................................................................................................................................................................................31
Bescherming tegen het immuunsysteem van de mens..................................................................................................................31
Coagulase.............................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Staphhylococcal protein A..................................................................................................................................................... 31
Exotoxines.......................................................................................................................................................................................32
Cytotoxines................................................................................................................................................................................32
Het behandelen van een microbiële infectie........................................................................................................................... 33
Antivirale middelen.........................................................................................................................................................................33
Fusie remmers....................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Reverse transcriptase remmers.............................................................................................................................................. 34
Antischimmel middelen......................................................................................................................................................... 35
Cytoplasmamembraan van schimmels..........................................................................................................................................35
Schimmelwerdende middelen met als target de celwand.............................................................................................................35
Antibiotica............................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Targets van de bacteriecel door antibiotica............................................................................................................................ 36
Ontdekking van penicilline..................................................................................................................................................... 37
Penicilline.............................................................................................................................................................................. 37
3
, Les 1 – Eukaryotic microorganisms
Kahoot
1. In welk domein vind je micro-organismen? Eukaryoten, Archaea en bacteriën
2. In welke organismen vind je organellen? Eukaryoten, niet in bacteriën
3. Wat een extrachromosomaal genetisch element? Een plasmide
4. Wat is het grootste deel van de grampositieve celwand? Peptidoglycanen zonder buitenste
membraan (een negatieve celwand heeft een buitenste membraan)
5. Welke organismen kunnen niet groeien zonder zuurstof? micro-aerophilics, hebben kleine
hoeveelheden zuurstof nodig, en kunnen dus niet groeien zonder zuurstof,
maar groeien vaak sneller met zuurstof
6. Welke bacteriën kunnen een urineweginfectie veroorzaken? E. coli, E. faecalis, Klebsiella sp.
7. Wat zijn endotoxinen? Toxines in Gram-negatieve buitenmembraan van de bacterie
8. Waar helpt antibiotica tegen? Tegen bacteriën, niet tegen schimmels en gisten
Eukaryoten – hoofdstuk 18
Gisten en schimmels, paragraaf 18.8 t/m 18.13
Protisten, paragraaf 18.3 t/m 18,7
Fylogenetische stamboom van het leven, hierin staat de afkomst van alle organismen
- Gebaseerd op DNA, op basis van bijvoorbeeld ribosomale eiwitsequenties of RNA sequenties
- Het is belangrijk dat je een eigenschap pakt die alle organismen hebben, omdat je ze anders niet
met elkaar kan vergelijken
- Virussen staan niet in een fylogenetische stamboom, omdat ze hele beperkte eigenschappen
hebben.
Protisten
Protisten zijn eencellige eukaryoten die geen gist of alg zijn. Dit is een diverse groep organismen
- Eukaryoten hebben vaak meerdere cellen, maar protisten niet
- Veel parasieten zijn protisten:
1. Trichomonas Vaginalis – veroorzaakt een soa
4
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