Dit zijn alle college-aantekeningen voor het vak Methodologie.
Ik kan je garanderen dat het goede aantekeningen zijn, want ik heb altijd de colleges teruggekeken en zowel de PowerPoint slides als hetgeen wat de docenten vertelden in de samenvatting verwerkt.
Heel veel succes met het leren van d...
Emmelyn croes & sara pabian (ełk jaar kan het verschillen, maar het is dezelfde stof)
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Subjects
meto
methodologie
onderzoeksmethode
experimenteel onderzoek
validiteit
betrouwbaarheid
constructen
experimentele methodes
kwantitatief onderzoek
kwalitatief onderzoek
kwal
kwantitatieve inhoudsanalyse
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Tilburg University (UVT)
Communicatie- en Informatiewetenschappen
Methodologie
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By: che111ned • 1 year ago
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Colleges Methodologie
Inhoudsopgave
College 1; Introductiecollege (week 36).............................................................................................7
Contactgegevens docenten;..............................................................................................................7
Emmelyn Croes..............................................................................................................................7
Sara Pabian....................................................................................................................................7
Algemene informatie.........................................................................................................................7
PowerPoints van de colleges..............................................................................................................7
Hoorcolleges.......................................................................................................................................7
Werkcolleges......................................................................................................................................7
Q&A (elke donderdag 10:45-11:45)....................................................................................................7
Literatuur...........................................................................................................................................7
Toetsing.............................................................................................................................................8
Midterm week 42...........................................................................................................................8
Tentamen in week 50 of 51............................................................................................................8
Individuele opdracht......................................................................................................................8
Wetenschappelijk onderzoek............................................................................................................8
Wetenschappelijk onderzoekers;........................................................................................................8
Aanleiding onderzoek.........................................................................................................................8
Wat is wetenschappelijk onderzoek?.................................................................................................8
Wanneer geloven we een verklaring?................................................................................................9
De verschillen tussen wetenschappelijke en alledaagse kennis..........................................................9
Wetenschappelijke kennis.............................................................................................................9
Alledaagse kennis...........................................................................................................................9
De overeenkomsten alledaagse en wetenschappelijke kennis...........................................................9
De verschillen tussen wetenschappelijk en journalistiek onderzoek...................................................9
Proefpersonenpool..........................................................................................................................10
College 2 (W37); Experimentele methodes – Basisstappen.............................................................10
Introductie onderwerp....................................................................................................................10
Wetenschappelijke theorie...............................................................................................................10
Experimentele methodes................................................................................................................10
Wat is een experiment?....................................................................................................................10
Voorbeelden: opstellen experiment............................................................................................11
Makkelijk voorbeeld; experiment in stappen:..............................................................................11
Experimenteel onderzoek: variabelen.............................................................................................11
De vraagstelling van een experimenteel experiment........................................................................11
Betekenis variabele:.....................................................................................................................11
Voorbeeld variabelen (zie ook studiesteunvragen methodologie)..............................................12
De controlegroep (referentiegroep/vergelijkingsgroep):.................................................................12
Cognitieve dissonantie....................................................................................................................12
Onderzoeksvragen en hypothesen..................................................................................................12
Onderzoeksvragen............................................................................................................................12
Hypothesen......................................................................................................................................13
1
, Wanneer kiezen we voor het experiment?.......................................................................................13
De voorwaarden voor causaliteit:....................................................................................................13
2. Tijdsvolgorde: X gaat vooraf aan Y...............................................................................................13
3. Geen schijnbaar causaal verband.................................................................................................13
4. Correlationeel verband (een associatief verband/samenhang)....................................................14
Operationaliseren............................................................................................................................14
Stappenplan operationaliseren....................................................................................................14
Meetniveaus....................................................................................................................................14
Nominaal meetniveau:.....................................................................................................................15
Ordinaal meetniveau:.......................................................................................................................15
Interval meetniveau:........................................................................................................................15
Ratio:................................................................................................................................................15
College 3 (w38): Empirische cyclus en ethiek...................................................................................15
De empirische cyclus (5 fases als je empirisch onderzoek doet).......................................................15
Uitleg empirische cyclus...................................................................................................................15
1) Observatie................................................................................................................................16
2) Inductie....................................................................................................................................16
3) Deductie...................................................................................................................................16
4) Toetsen....................................................................................................................................16
5) Evaluatie: reflectie op je onderzoeksbevindingen...................................................................17
Drie soorten hypotheses.................................................................................................................17
1. Universeel-deterministische hypothese........................................................................................17
2. Deterministische existentiehypothese..........................................................................................18
3. Probabilistische hypothese (komt het meest voor).......................................................................18
De kernpunten van de empirische cyclus.........................................................................................18
Ethiek..............................................................................................................................................18
Onethisch.........................................................................................................................................18
Ethische problemen:.........................................................................................................................18
Informed consent.............................................................................................................................19
Deugden van een goede onderzoeker..............................................................................................19
Belangrijke deugden:...................................................................................................................19
College 4 (Week 39): Validiteit........................................................................................................19
Kansberekening:...............................................................................................................................19
Alpha en beta fouten.......................................................................................................................20
De beta-fout:....................................................................................................................................20
Hoe groot is de kans op een beta-fout.........................................................................................20
Alpha-fout........................................................................................................................................20
Hoe groot is de kans op een alpha-fout?.....................................................................................20
Validiteit..........................................................................................................................................20
Verschillende soorten validiteit........................................................................................................20
De interne validiteit..........................................................................................................................20
Bedreigingen van de interne validiteit.........................................................................................21
(zie reader daar staat het uitgebreid in, reader moet je leren op toets)......................................21
Constructvaliditeit............................................................................................................................22
Bedreigingen van de constructvaliditeit.......................................................................................22
Het Hawthorne effect.......................................................................................................................23
Plafond-en bodem effect (op zichzelf staande bedreiging, niet extern/intern/construct)................23
2
, Externe validiteit..............................................................................................................................23
Populatie......................................................................................................................................23
Trekken van steekproef...............................................................................................................23
Gelegenheidssteekproef...................................................................................................................23
Vormen van steekproeftrekking:.................................................................................................23
Random sampling (kans steekproeven).......................................................................................24
Generaliseren naar vs. generaliseren over.......................................................................................24
LET OP: IN HET BOEK HFD 8 GAAT HET OVER SAMPLING, MAAR DAAR WORDT QUOTA SAMPLING
NIET ALS RANDOM GEDEFINEERD, DAT IS DUS FOUT!!! HOUD COLLEGESLIDES EN READER AAN....24
College (Week 40): Betrouwbaarheid..............................................................................................25
Externe validiteit..............................................................................................................................25
Generaliseren naar en generaliseren over........................................................................................25
Ecologische validiteit........................................................................................................................25
Voorbeelden hypotheses.................................................................................................................25
Nulhypothese...................................................................................................................................25
Eenzijdige hypothese........................................................................................................................25
Tweezijdige hypothese.....................................................................................................................26
Betrouwbaarheid............................................................................................................................26
Betrouwbaarheid – stabiliteit...........................................................................................................26
Betrouwbaarheid - homogeniteit.....................................................................................................26
Betrouwbaarheid.............................................................................................................................26
Stabiliteit......................................................................................................................................27
Homogeniteit:..............................................................................................................................27
Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit..........................................................................................................27
Interne consistentie..........................................................................................................................27
Kortom............................................................................................................................................28
Onderzoeksvragen...........................................................................................................................28
Geschikt voor experimentele methode en waarom:.........................................................................28
Causale relaties................................................................................................................................28
Zuiver experiment vs. Quasi-experiment..........................................................................................28
Zuiver experiment........................................................................................................................28
Quasi-experiment........................................................................................................................28
Experiment...................................................................................................................................28
Op tentamen, leer het goed, zie VB W40.........................................................................................29
College (week 41): Experimentele methodes: Onderzoeksontwerpen.............................................29
Midterm...........................................................................................................................................29
Wanneer kies je voor een experiment?............................................................................................29
Causale relaties............................................................................................................................29
Het experimenteel ontwerp (1)........................................................................................................30
Drie soorten ontwerpen..................................................................................................................30
Zuiver experiment.............................................................................................................................30
Quasi experiment.............................................................................................................................30
Pre-experiment.................................................................................................................................30
Onderzoeksontwerpen....................................................................................................................31
One-shot-case-ontwerp....................................................................................................................31
Eén-groep-voortoets-natoets-ontwerp.............................................................................................31
Voortoets-natoets-controlegroep-ontwerp......................................................................................31
3
, De controlegroep hoeft niet altijd een groep te zijn waarbij je niets doet!.......................................32
Zijn er bezwaren tegen een voormeting?.........................................................................................32
Een natoets-controlegroep-ontwerp...............................................................................................32
Het Solomon-vier-groepen-ontwerp................................................................................................32
Factoriële ontwerpen......................................................................................................................33
2x2 factorieel natoets-controlegroep-ontwerp................................................................................33
Hoofd- en interactie-effecten van het 2x2 factorieel natoets-controlegroep ontwerp...............33
Grote tip: als je twijfelt of er een interactie-effect is: ga het tekenen!.............................................36
Samenvattend..................................................................................................................................36
Onafhankelijke groepen ontwerp....................................................................................................36
Wanneer gebruik je dit ontwerp?................................................................................................36
Afhankelijke groepen ontwerp........................................................................................................36
Wat is counterbalacing?...............................................................................................................37
Vragenuurtje voor tentamen...........................................................................................................37
College (week 44):...........................................................................................................................37
Kwantitatieve onderzoek..................................................................................................................37
Kwalitatief onderzoek.......................................................................................................................37
Experimenteel onderzoek.................................................................................................................37
Niet-experimenteel onderzoek.........................................................................................................38
Wat is kwalitatief onderzoek?..........................................................................................................38
Wanneer kies je voor een kwalitatief onderzoek?............................................................................38
Voordelen van kwalitatief onderzoek:..............................................................................................38
Nadelen van kwalitatief onderzoek..................................................................................................38
Je gaat met kwalitatief onderzoek beschrijven (beschrijvende vragen).......................................38
Met kwalitatief onderzoek ga je ook verklaren (verklarende vragen)..........................................39
Voorbeelden van onderzoeksvragen die je zou kunnen beantwoorden met kwalitatief
onderzoek....................................................................................................................................39
Voorbeeld van experimenteel onderzoek.........................................................................................39
Voorbeeld van niet-experimenteel onderzoek..................................................................................39
Onderzoeker-deelnemer relatie in kwalitatief onderzoek.................................................................39
Methodes voor observeren en luisteren...........................................................................................40
Interview – kenmerken....................................................................................................................40
Voorbeeld interview.........................................................................................................................41
Wanneer gebruik je een interview?..................................................................................................41
Wanneer kan je beter geen interview doen?....................................................................................41
Respondenten – interview................................................................................................................41
Het verwerken van kwalitatieve data...............................................................................................42
Focusgroepen – kenmerken.............................................................................................................42
Hoeveel respondenten in een focusgroep gesprek?.........................................................................43
Setting, structuur, werkvormen........................................................................................................43
De betrouwbaarheid........................................................................................................................44
Interviewer/moderator................................................................................................................44
Meetinstrument...........................................................................................................................44
Onderzoeksomgeving..................................................................................................................44
Validiteit...........................................................................................................................................44
Validiteit van interviewer/moderator verhogen..........................................................................44
Meetinstrument...........................................................................................................................44
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