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Summary AQA AS level Biology Carbohydrates notes
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Biology notes for Chapter 1.2 - 3 Carbohydrates (Biological Molecules) for year 12 students, for those studying AQA specification.
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Life based on carbon:Carbon atoms readily form bonds with other atoms (4 valence electrons).
Carbon atom chains from a backbone along which other atoms can be attached.
Organic molecules = carbon-containing molecules
All carbohydrate contain elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Carbohydrate polymer = monosaccharide monomers
• Sweet tasting, soluble substances
• (CH2O)n
• Glucose = hexose sugar (a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms in each molecule)
• C6H12O6
• Glucose and fructose are both hexoses!!! Even though they have the same formula (C6H12O6)
there are BOTH HEXOSE -- it is just that they are arranged differently.
• --- the 'ose' depends on number of carbon atoms.
Isomers of glucose:
Isomers molecules = with the same molecular formula, but with atoms connected in a different way.
Alpha-glucose
Beta-glucose
, Condensation reactions join monosaccharides together:
Condensation = when two molecules join together with the formation of a new chemical bond and a
water molecule is released when bond is formed.
A glyosidic bond forms between two monosaccharides + H20 released (2 monosacch. = disaccharide)
Disaccharides:
• Glucose + glucose --> c.r --> maltose
• Glucose + fructose --> condensation reaction --> sucrose
• Glucose + galactose --> condensation reaction --> lactose
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