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College aantekeningen Thinking About Art I: Philopshy Of Art (LWX011P05) $6.41
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College aantekeningen Thinking About Art I: Philopshy Of Art (LWX011P05)

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My notes of all lectures and some seminars, made during the lessons and using the powerpoints

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  • April 5, 2021
  • 12
  • 2020/2021
  • Class notes
  • Dr. lijster
  • All classes
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LECTURE 1 Hume and Kant (1/2)

What is philosophy?
- Asking questions (about everything in life, the non-physical)
- No specific method, no fixed way of ‘how to do philosophy’.
- Questioning answers rather than answering questions.
- Everything is up for debate

- Meta-level of asking questions
- All sciences ask questions, but philosophers question the concepts / presuppositions
of other sciences: What is law? / what is nature?
- Different branches: philosophy of science, of art, ethics, etc.

Philosophers ask questions in order to:
- Find the ‘essence’
- Lay bare presumptions (rethink our common sense)
- Analyze concepts and argumentations

Methods:
- Conceptual analysis / text analysis
- Developing new concepts
- Rational argumentation
- Debate

Sources of philosophy:
- Tradition
- Science
- Public sphere

What is philosophy of art?
- Thinking about / questioning art and its concepts.
- Relation to art history / art criticism
- In philosophy, art becomes increasingly important

Is beauty in the eye of the beholder?
Hume and Kant on beauty and taste

Problem of taste
- Are judgments if taste merely subjective and / or individual?

Enlightenment
- The questioning about traditions and used concepts
- “Have the courage to use your own reason” (Kant)
- Challenging authority: power and knowledge
- What is the foundation of our ideas of truth / goodness / beauty

, Traditional vs. modern aesthetics
- Quarrel between the ancients and the moderns: should we copy the ancient
traditions or can we find new rules of beauty and art.
- How do we legitimize our judgments of taste?
- Rationalism vs. empiricism
- Baumgarten:
- To say something is beautiful is actually to say something is perfect.
- Aesthetics as the science of beauty
- Beauty has a mathematical / scientific explanation.
- Rule- or concepts-based aesthetics.

Hume and Kant
- Problem with rationalist approach
- You do not have to know what something is, in order to call it beautiful.
- Beauty is a feeling not a concept.
- Problem of Hume and Kant: judgements of taste are expressions of (subjective)
feeling … but does this make them completely arbitrary and/or individual?

David Hume
- ‘of the standard of taste’
- Following problem / paradox:
1. Judgments of taste are expressions of a sentiment (or feeling)
2. A sentiment can never be false/wrong (or misplaced)
3. Some judgments of taste are clearly more valid or valuable than others.
 two of these statements can be true at the same time, but not all three!

- Standards of taste is what critics/experts have agreed on
- Aesthetic judgments depend on the agreement / recognition of others.


LECTURE 2 Immanuel Kant on beauty / taste (8/2)

Immanuel Kant (1724/1804)
- Beyond rationalism and empiricism
- Knowledge is not a mere reflection of the world, but it’s a construction of the mind.
- Three critiques:
1. Critique of pure reason: how can we legitimize logical and scientific
judgments?
2. Critique of practical reason: how can we legitimize moral judgments?
3. Critique of judgment: how can we legitimize aesthetic judgments.

Judgment
- “judgment in general is the ability to think the particular under the universal.”
-  being able to label things: ‘this is a dog’.
- A judgment involves the interrelation between our imagination and understanding.
- Our mind subsumes intuitions / objects (of the imagination / perception) under
concepts (of the understanding).

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