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Energy Physiology Summary
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Summary of the lessons on “Energy”
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H1 Energy1 BIO-ENERGETICS
1.1 BASICS OF BIO-ENERGETICS
- Chlorophyll allows plants to use sun light, CO2 and water to grow
and produce O2 and glucose
- Animals and humans feed on plants to take in energy
- The energy we use comes indirectly from the sun!
3 macronutriënten: koolhydraten + vetten + eiwitten
1.1.1 Energy
- Solar energy → plants and vegetables
- Food → energy source
- Energy storage: ATP
- Energie wordt opgeslagen en kan later gebruikt worden om bv te gaan lopen
- “principle of chained reactions”
Energie wordt onmiddellijk gebruikt om van ADP, ATP te maken
(energierijk)
Zonne-energie → planten groeien → mensen eten planten →
energie → deze energie wordt dan onmiddellijk opgeslagen
3 macronutrient in food
- Fat (E-source)
- Carbohydrates (E-source)
- Protein (building blocks)
,Van energie tot ATP hebben we de macronutriënten nodig
Als we energie nodig hebben wordt ATP terug gesplitst tot ADP en zo komt er dan terug energie vrij
ATP: fast energy release
- The quick release of energy from ATP occurs rapidly from anaerobic hydrolysis of the ATP
molecule to release energy
- Deze energie kan zeer kort gebruikt worden en is dus zeer snel op
- Er zal zeer snel terug ATP aangemaakt moeten worden
Fast resynthesis of ATP from PCr
- Phosphocreatine (PCr) is a rapid and high-energy reservoir within the cell. A large amount of
free energy is released when the bond between phosphocreatine and the phosphate
molecule is cleaved by creatine kinase, generating -43.3 kJ/mol of free energy which can be
stored by ATP.
- Snelle aanmaak van ATP kan met behulp van PCr
- = zeer snel maar ook zeer snel uitgeput
Resynthesis of ATP through phosphorylation or oxidation of macronutrients
- The resynthesis of ATP can be aerobic or anaerobic in the case of glucose metabolism or
exclusively aerobic for lipid and protein metabolism.
- Most of the energy for ATP generation derives from the aerobic phosphorylation/oxidation
pathway, that is, the oxidation of carbohydrate, lipid and protein macronutrients as oxygen is
reduced.
- LT plan nodig omdat voorgaande systemen zeer snel uitgeput zijn
- Dit kan door gebruik te maken van de macornutriënten
- Synthesis of ATP occurs in mitochondria
- Mitochondria are positioned in cells such as muscle cells.
,Mitochondria
- Dimensions vary from 0.5 micrometers - 10 micrometers.
- Numbers vary from 1 to 1000 per cell.
- Structure
o Double membrane structure.
o Space between membranes is the intermembrane space
o The Matrix: space within the inner membrane
o Cristae are folded structures of the inner membrane of
mitochondria that create more space to allow for a faster
production of energy.
1.1.2 Production of ATP
STEP 1
- Building an H+ gradient. Protons are moved from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
STEP 2 & 3
- ATP synthasis is a protein complex with a channel allowing protons to enter back inside.
- The influx of protons induces the synthesis of ATP : ADP + Pi ---> ATP
→ Mitochondria are ATP-factories!
1.1.3 Muscles
- Mitochondria are numerous in muscle fibres
, Motor unit
- A motor unit is made up of a motor neuron and the skeletal
muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron's axonal
terminals.
- The number of muscle fibers in 1 motor unit varies from 5
(eye muscle) to 700 (biceps).
- If a muscle contains more motor units, more subtle changes
in force are possible (e.g.: eye muscle: 1500, biceps: 700).
- The force a muscle generates can be controlled by the
number of motor units that are activated!
Muscle contraction
- Nerve impulses that originate in the central
nervous system cause muscles to contract.
- Both neurons and muscle tissue conduct
electrical current by moving ions across
cellular membranes.
- A motor neuron ends in a synapse with a
muscle fiber.
- The neuron releases acetylcholine and
transfers the action potential to the muscle
tissue.
Neuro-muscular junction Muscle contraction
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