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Samenvatting Cel en Weefselleer (DGK Ba1)
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Samenvatting van cel en weefselleer, gebaseerd op de slides en lessen gegeven door prof. Timmermans (excl. practicumnotas)
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Algemene cel- en weefselleerInhoud
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Deel 1: Microscopische waarnemingsmethoden.............................................................................................................. 5
Deel 2: Cytologie - samenstellende delen van een cel ..................................................................................................... 9
1. Samenstellende delen van de cel.............................................................................................................................. 9
2. De celkern of nucleus ................................................................................................................................................ 9
2.1 Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
2.2 Aanwezigheid van genetisch materiaal in de kern: chromosomen .................................................................. 10
3. De nucleolus ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
3.1 Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
4. Kernmembraan ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
4.1 Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
4.2 Transport van cytosol naar nucleus .................................................................................................................. 11
4.3 Transport van nucleus naar cytosol .................................................................................................................. 11
5. De ribosomen .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
6. Het ruw endoplasmatisch reticulum ....................................................................................................................... 12
6.1 Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
6.2 Functie............................................................................................................................................................... 12
7. Glad endoplasmatisch reticulum ............................................................................................................................ 12
7.1 Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
8. Het Golgi-apparaat .................................................................................................................................................. 12
9. Het zure vesikelsysteem.......................................................................................................................................... 14
10. Ribosomen en proteasomen ................................................................................................................................. 16
11. Mitochondria ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
12. Peroxisomen ......................................................................................................................................................... 17
13. Het cytoskelet ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
13.1 Microtubuli...................................................................................................................................................... 18
13.2 Microfilamenten ............................................................................................................................................. 19
13.3 Intermediaire filamenten ................................................................................................................................ 22
14. Cytoplasma insluitsels ........................................................................................................................................... 23
14.1 lipiden.............................................................................................................................................................. 23
14.2 koolhydraten ................................................................................................................................................... 24
14.3 proteïnen (eiwitten) ........................................................................................................................................ 24
14.4 pigmenten (endogeen of exogeen)................................................................................................................. 24
15. Membranen en membraantransport.................................................................................................................... 25
15.1 Algemeen ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
1
, 15.2 Opbouw ........................................................................................................................................................... 25
15.3 Functie............................................................................................................................................................. 26
16. Celjuncties ............................................................................................................................................................. 31
16.1 Algemeen ........................................................................................................................................................ 31
16.2 Intercellulaire juncties..................................................................................................................................... 31
17. Apicale cel differentiaties.................................................................................................................................. 37
Deel 2: Cytologie – celdeling en celdood ........................................................................................................................ 40
1. Celdeling, -proliferatie en -cyclus............................................................................................................................ 40
1.1 Mitose ............................................................................................................................................................... 40
1.2 meiotische celdeling ......................................................................................................................................... 43
2. Regulatie celdeling .................................................................................................................................................. 46
3. Geprogrammeerde celdood.................................................................................................................................... 48
3.1 Morfologie......................................................................................................................................................... 49
3.2 Moleculaire kenmerken van apoptose ............................................................................................................. 50
3.3 Moleculaire kenmerken van necrose ................................................................................................................ 51
Deel 3: Algemene histologie ........................................................................................................................................... 52
1. Epithelen ................................................................................................................................................................. 52
1.1 Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................................... 52
1.2 Bedekkende epithelen ...................................................................................................................................... 53
1.3 Klierepithelen .................................................................................................................................................... 54
1.4 Gespecialiseerde epithelen ............................................................................................................................... 55
2. Bindweefsels ........................................................................................................................................................... 55
2.1 Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................................... 55
2.2 Extracellulaire matrix ........................................................................................................................................ 56
2.3 Indeling bindweefsel ......................................................................................................................................... 58
3. Kraakbeen ............................................................................................................................................................... 60
3.1 Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................................... 60
3.2 Soorten kraakbeen ............................................................................................................................................ 62
4. Botweefsel .............................................................................................................................................................. 62
4.1 Delen van pijpbenen ......................................................................................................................................... 62
4.2 Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................................... 63
4.3 Soorten botweefsel ........................................................................................................................................... 64
4.5 Gewrichten ........................................................................................................................................................ 67
5. Spierweefsels .......................................................................................................................................................... 68
5.1 Skeletspieren ..................................................................................................................................................... 68
5.2 Hartspierweefsel ............................................................................................................................................... 71
5.3 Gladde spierweefsel .......................................................................................................................................... 73
6. Zenuwweefsel ......................................................................................................................................................... 74
2
,Deel 4: Transport en verdediging.................................................................................................................................... 84
1. Bloed ....................................................................................................................................................................... 84
2. Bloedvorming .......................................................................................................................................................... 89
3. Bloedvaten en lymfevaten ...................................................................................................................................... 93
3.1 Bloedvaten ........................................................................................................................................................ 93
3.2 Lymfevaten........................................................................................................................................................ 96
4. Het immuunstelsel .................................................................................................................................................. 97
4.1 Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................................... 97
4.2 Lymfeknoop..................................................................................................................................................... 101
4.3 Milt .................................................................................................................................................................. 101
4.4 Thymus, tonsil, GALT ....................................................................................................................................... 102
3
, Inleiding
• Atoom – molecule – macromolecule – organel – cel – weefsel – orgaan – orgaan systeem – organisme
o Verhouding tussen atomen, moleculen en
macromoleculen => half vloeibaar, gelachtig cytoplasma
▪ Verhouding in stand houden door homeostase
o Organellen: hebben individuelen en specifieke functie,
kunnen niet leven buiten de cel en cel kan niet leven
zonder organellen.
▪ Verhouding in organellen voorspellen functie
o Cel: kleinste eenheid om op zich te overleven
(DEEL 2: celleer/cytologie)
o Weefsel: groepering van cellen met gelijkaardige functie + matrix (niet levende substantie)
▪ Epitheel – bindweefsel – spierweefsel – zenuwweefsel
▪ Deze ook nog onderverdelen in sub en sub sub groepen (DEEL 3: algemene histologie)
o Orgaan: organisatie van weefseltype: unieke vorm, grootte en ligging in het lichaam opgebouwd uit
specifiek patroon
o Orgaansystemen en orgaanstelstel: organisatie van meerdere organen
(DEEL 4: Transport en verdedigingsstelsel)
▪ Circulatie (bloed)
▪ Lymfatisch (lymfe)
o Organisme: alle stelsels samen
• Terminologie
o Afkomstig van het Grieks of latijn: vb. Kern = nucleus (-> noot)
o Tunica = laagje
▪ vb. Tunica mucosa: slijmvlies laag
• Weefseltypen
o Epithelen
▪ Vormen contact met de buitenwereld
• Ook bv: lucht in mond, eten in slokdarm …
▪ Hebben bijna altijd een holte binnenin -> lumen
▪ Zullen bedekken of klieren
▪ Bedekkende epithelen
• (Pseudo)meerlagig – eenlagig
o Meer lagen indien het sterker moet zijn
• Plaveisel – kubisch – cilindrisch
o Plaveisel: heel plat
o Kubisch: vierkant
o Cilindrisch: zeer hoog
o Hoe meer celorganellen nodig hoe hoger de cel functioneel actiever
▪ Klierepithelen: Secreetproductie
o Bindweefsels
▪ Steun- en verbindingsfunctie; zeer veel variëteiten
▪ Bindweefsel strictu sensu (zorgen dat alle cellen aan elkaar hangen) –
kraakbeen – bot – bloed
o Spierweefsel
▪ Contractie
▪ Willekeurig: skeletspier. Zelf kiezen wanneer het gebeurd
▪ Onwillekeurig: hartspier – gladde spier. Kan je niet zelf willekeurig
aansturen
4
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