Hoofdstuk 3 en hoofdstuk 4 paragraaf 1 en paragraaf 2
April 12, 2021
June 16, 2021
32
2020/2021
Summary
Subjects
stofwisseling in de cel
chemie in cellen
koolstofassimilatie
enzymen
voortgezette assimilatie
dissimilatie
dna replicatie
de bouw en functie van dna
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VWO / Gymnasium
Biologie
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Hoofdstuk 3............................................................................................................................................5
Paragraaf 1, chemie in cellen..............................................................................................................5
Metabolisme...................................................................................................................................5
Energierijke organische stoffen......................................................................................................5
Assimilatie en dissimilatie...............................................................................................................5
Energiedragers................................................................................................................................5
Paragraaf 2, enzymen.........................................................................................................................6
Bouw en werking............................................................................................................................6
Activeringsenergie..........................................................................................................................6
Enzymactiviteit...............................................................................................................................6
Invloed van temperatuur................................................................................................................6
Invloed van de pH...........................................................................................................................6
Regulering van stofwisseling...........................................................................................................7
Paragraaf 3, koolstofassimilatie..........................................................................................................8
Fotosynthese..................................................................................................................................8
Twee reactieketens.........................................................................................................................8
Lichtreacties....................................................................................................................................8
Donkerreacties (calvincyclus).........................................................................................................8
Chemosynthese..............................................................................................................................9
Paragraaf 4, voortgezette assimilatie...............................................................................................10
Glucose als grondstof...................................................................................................................10
Koolhydraten................................................................................................................................10
Eiwitten.........................................................................................................................................10
Vetten...........................................................................................................................................11
Paragraaf 5, dissimilatie....................................................................................................................12
Aerobe dissimilatie.......................................................................................................................12
Aerobe dissimilatie van glucose....................................................................................................12
Glycolyse.......................................................................................................................................12
Acetyl-co-enzym A en citroenzuurcyclus......................................................................................12
Oxidatie fosforylering...................................................................................................................13
Energieopbrengst.........................................................................................................................13
Anearobe dissimilatie van glucose................................................................................................13
Aerobe dissimilatie van koolhydraten, eiwitten en vetten...........................................................13
Hoofdstuk 4..........................................................................................................................................15
1
,Paragraaf 1, de bouw en functie van DNA........................................................................................15
Het genoom..................................................................................................................................15
De bouw van DNA.........................................................................................................................15
DNA-sequentie.............................................................................................................................15
Niet coderend DNA.......................................................................................................................16
Paragraaf 2, DNA-replicatie..............................................................................................................17
Replicatiestartpunt en replicatietabel..........................................................................................17
Constante en onderbroken replicatie...........................................................................................17
Telomeren en veroudering...........................................................................................................17
Pcr.................................................................................................................................................18
Paragraaf 3, transcriptie...................................................................................................................19
De bouw van RNA.........................................................................................................................19
De functie van RNA.......................................................................................................................19
Van promotor tot eindsignaal.......................................................................................................19
mRNA en pre-mRNA.....................................................................................................................19
Splicing..........................................................................................................................................19
Paragraaf 4, translatie en eiwitsynthese...........................................................................................21
Genetische code...........................................................................................................................21
Translatie......................................................................................................................................21
Ribosomen....................................................................................................................................21
Polyribosomen en release-factor..................................................................................................21
Eiwitten.........................................................................................................................................21
Paragraaf 5, genexpressie.................................................................................................................22
Genregulatie en genexpressie......................................................................................................22
Genregulatie bij prokaryoten........................................................................................................22
Genregulatie bij eukaryoten.........................................................................................................22
Omnipotent, pluripotent en multipotent.....................................................................................22
Celdifferentiatie............................................................................................................................23
Apoptose......................................................................................................................................23
Genregulatie bij volwassen organismen.......................................................................................23
DNA-methylering..........................................................................................................................23
Genregulatie door alternatieve splicing........................................................................................23
RNA-interferentie (RNAi)..............................................................................................................23
Paragraaf 6, Genetische variatie.......................................................................................................24
Mutaties.......................................................................................................................................24
Puntmutaties................................................................................................................................24
2
, Genoommutaties..........................................................................................................................24
Oorzaken van mutaties.................................................................................................................24
Het DNA-repairsysteem................................................................................................................24
De effecten van mutaties..............................................................................................................24
Het ontstaan van kanker...............................................................................................................24
Recombinatie................................................................................................................................25
Crossing over................................................................................................................................25
Paragraaf 7, biotechnologie..............................................................................................................26
Biotechnologie..............................................................................................................................26
Klonen...........................................................................................................................................26
Genetische modificatie.................................................................................................................26
Recombinant-DNA-techniek.........................................................................................................26
Genetische modificatie met virussen............................................................................................26
Andere technieken van genetische modificatie............................................................................26
Hoofdstuk 5..........................................................................................................................................27
Paragraaf 1, bouw, groei en ontwikkeling........................................................................................27
Bouw.............................................................................................................................................27
Groei en ontwikkeling...................................................................................................................27
Lengte- en diktegroei....................................................................................................................27
Plastiden.......................................................................................................................................27
Paragraaf 2, transport in planten......................................................................................................28
Opname van water in mineralen..................................................................................................28
Waterpotentiaal...........................................................................................................................28
Stijgende sapstroom in houtvaten................................................................................................28
Regeling van verdamping..............................................................................................................29
Transport in bastvaten..................................................................................................................29
Paragraaf 3, assimilatie en dissimilatie.............................................................................................30
Gaswisseling.................................................................................................................................30
Chlorofyl.......................................................................................................................................30
Assimilatie en dissimilatie.............................................................................................................30
Opslag van assimilatieproducten..................................................................................................30
Paragraaf 4, voortplanting................................................................................................................31
Geslachtelijke voortplanting.........................................................................................................31
Ongeslachtelijke voortplanting.....................................................................................................31
Paragraaf 5, reageren op de omgeving.............................................................................................32
Auxine...........................................................................................................................................32
3
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