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Summary IEB/CAPS Grade 10 Population Geography
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Summary of Grade 1o Population Geography covering population distribution and density, population growth, population structure, HIV/AIDS and population movement.
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Chapter 1: Population distribution and densityUnit 1: Understanding population distribution and density
• Population: people within an a given area.
• Population distribution: how people are spread out over an area.
o The pattern of dots shows the distribution pattern of the population.
o Dispersed pattern: a pattern in which people are spread out
across a region.
o Clustered pattern: a pattern in which people are grouped together in one part of a
region.
o Linear pattern: a pattern in which people are arranged along a line.
• Population density: the number of people in a square kilometre.
o Areas where there are a lot of people in a square kilometre have a dense population.
o Areas with a few people in a square kilometre have a sparse population.
o Calculating population density:
§ The value and unit of measurement is always given.
!"#$%&'(")
§ 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = *+,&
Unit 2: World population distribution and
density
• Densely populated areas: areas where
there are a lot of people per square km.
• Sparsely populated areas: areas where
there are a few people per square km.
• World population distribution:
o Where there are many dots – the population is dense.
o There are three large clusters of population: South East Asia, Europe and America.
o There are small clusters in several other places.
o Population is clustered in large cities.
o Some places may seem to have no
population, although there are in fact
very small numbers of people living here.
• World population density ---------------------------->
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, Unit 3: Factors that affect distribution and density of the world’s population
• Natural factors: factors based on nature, for example relief, climate, water supply and
vegetation.
• Socio-economic factors: factors based on human society and activities, such as work
opportunities and ways people earn a living.
Factors that influence population distribution and density
Factor Characteristics that favour lower populations Characteristics that favour higher
populations
Relief • Rugged mountains with steep sides • Flatter, low-lying areas with deeper
• Thin soils, low temperatures and pressure at soils (Nile delta)
high altitudes (Andes).
Climate • Low annual rainfall (Atacama desert) • Adequate and reliable rainfall.
and water • Unreliable rainfall (Sahel) • No temperature extremes and a lengthy
supply • High heat and humidity (Amazon basin) growing season (NW Europe)
• Very cold regions (Northern USA).
Vegetation • Tropical rainforests (Amazon) • Grassland areas – such as prairies of N
• Coniferous forest regions (NE Europe and America; however, if land is divided into
Asia, northern Canada). large farms where machines are used
to do the work, densities are not all that
high here.
Soils • Frozen (Permafrost regions in Siberia) • Deep soils, rich in humus and river
• Thick soils of mountains (Nepal) deposited silts (Ganges delta of
• Eroded soils due to deforestation and Bangladesh).
overgrazing (Sahel)
• Leached soils of tropical rainforests (Amazon
basin).
Resources • Regions with poor mineral and energy • Large deposits of minerals and energy
for resources (Tibet) supplies (Ruhr valley of W. Europe) –
industry large cities are associated with
industrial development.
Socio- • Few work opportunities. • Many work opportunities – there is an
economic • Extensive farming. increase in population as people
factors migrate to these places.
• Intensive farming (Netherlands).
• The natural environment offers opportunities and also sets limits on where people live mostly
easily.
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, • The environment does not determine how people respond to these opportunities and limits.
• Social, economic and technological factors also have an impact.
• Egypt depends on the Nile river for water supply; most of the water is used for irrigation. At
one time, the Nile used to flood the land at certain times of the year, depositing fertile soil
over the land. Today the floodwaters are contained by dams such as the Aswan dam, and
released to the land throughout the year through a system of canals. This enables people to
frow crops throughout the year.
Chapter 2: Population Structure
Unit 1: Population indicators
• The size of a population is always changing.
• Population indicators: statistics that indicate how population is changing.
• Indicators of fertility:
o Crude Birth Rate (CBR): the number of live babies born in a year for every thousand
people.
§ Unrefined because it does not take into account age or sex differences in the
population.
§ It uses the size of the whole population, even though more than half of the
people in that population will be either be men or they will be women who are
not of child bearing age.
§ Calculating CBR:
-$./,+ "1 /(+'23
• 𝐶𝐵𝑅 = 4"'&% #"#$%&'(")
× 1000
• Crude Birth rates of more than 30 per 1000 are considered high.
• Rates of less than 18 per 1000 are considered low.
o Total fertility rate (TFR): the average number of children born to each woman in her
child-bearing years.
§ TFR ranges from more than 6 in less developed countries in Africa to less than
2 in more developed countries.
o Replacement rate: indicates a TFR of 2,1; this means that a woman and her partner
are just replacing themselves, and the population will not grow.
• Indicators of mortality:
o Mortality is another word for death.
o Crude death rate (CDR): the number of deaths per 1000 people in a given year.
§ Does not consider age or sex.
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