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College aantekeningen Cellen
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Past 10 years of Exam (SOLVED) BMI2604 - Molecular Biology of the Cell
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Lecture notes Biomedical Sciences (BSc) Lecture Notes BB1705 The Biology of the Cell
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InhoudsopgaveHC 2 Celbiologie ........................................................................................................................................ 3
HC 3 & 4 DNA en chromosomen .................................................................................................................. 5
HC 5 DNA-replicatie .................................................................................................................................. 9
HC 6 DNA-replicatie ................................................................................................................................ 11
HC 7 Centraal dogma .............................................................................................................................. 13
HC 8 Centraal dogma .............................................................................................................................. 15
HC 9 Centraal dogma .............................................................................................................................. 18
HC 10 DNA-repair en recombinatie ....................................................................................................... 22
HC 11 DNA-recombinatie ...................................................................................................................... 25
HC 12 Eiwitten....................................................................................................................................... 27
HC 13 Eiwitstructuur ............................................................................................................................. 29
HC 14 Enzymen ..................................................................................................................................... 31
HC 15 Lipiden en membranen ............................................................................................................... 34
HC 16 Transport via celmembranen ...................................................................................................... 37
HC 17 Ion kanalen ................................................................................................................................. 40
HC 18 Intracellulaire compartimenten en eiwit-transport ..................................................................... 42
HC 19 Eiwit-transport ............................................................................................................................ 45
HC 20 Cel communicatie........................................................................................................................ 48
HC21 Celcommunicatie ............................................................................................................................. 50
HC 22 Celcyclus en celdood ................................................................................................................... 54
HC 23 Celcyclus en celdood ................................................................................................................... 57
HC 24 Cytoskelet ................................................................................................................................... 60
HC 25 Cytoskelet .................................................................................................................................. 63
HC 26 Architectuur van de cel ............................................................................................................... 66
HC 27 Architectuur van de cel ............................................................................................................... 68
HC 28 Micro-organismen als model voor de levende cel ....................................................................... 71
HC 29 Micro-organismen als model voor de levende cel ....................................................................... 73
,HC 30, 31 & 32 ................................................................................................................................................ 75
Micro-organismen als model voor levende cel ................................................................................................. 75
Veilige microbiologische technieken .............................................................................................................. 79
MTE ................................................................................................................................................................ 82
,HC 2 Celbiologie
Haematoxylin eosin stain H&E is needed to be able to see
certain parts of the cell. It binds to the negatively charged
particles in the cell, thus the nucleus is darker stained.
Fluorescent microscopy is used to be able to mark a
specific part of the cell:
• High contrast:
o Light against a dark background
o Highly sensitive
• High specificity:
o Only factor of interest is visible
o Multiple factors can be discriminated simultaneously
Light microscope: Resolution 200 nm
Can see living cells
Can mark the cell with normal colors
Can label the cells with antibodies
Max thickness is 200 m
Electro microscope (TEM): Resolution/oplossend vermogen 0,2 nm
Can’t see living cells
Need to be marked with heavy metals like gold
Max thickness 20-200 nm
Cell organelles:
Cell membrane: separates insides of cell from the extracellular
matrix. Full of channels to decide what goes in and what goes
out. Needs to be strong.
Cytoskeleton: The skeleton is needed to maintain the shape of
the cell. A cell has 3 different skeletons;
• Microtubules: Grote ‘buizen’ door de cel. Functioneren
als snelwegen van de cel
• intermediate filaments: Middelgroot en zijn minder
gecontroleerd dan de microtubuli
• actin filaments: Kleinste, zijn voor korte
transport.
Nucleus: DNA, has pores in its membrane. Rode bloedcellen
hebben geen nucleus. Bij een TEM is het donker omdat het
chromatine compact is. Er zitten kleine openingen in de
kernmembraan. Dit zijn poorten om moleculen in en uit te laten
gaan op gecontroleerde manier.
, Mitochondria: Has a double membrane. It’s
important for the energy. Ze waren eerst
bacteriën die een symbiose aangingen met een
cel. Het voedsel voor de mitochondria wordt
geleverd door de cel en de mitochondria is de
respiratie. Het zet zuurstof om tot energie. De
buizen in de mitochondria zijn dynamisch dus er
kunnen verschillende aanzichten zijn. Afgaand
van de energie vraag zijn er veel of weinig
mitochondria.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): 2 different ERs;
Rough ER and smooth ER. Rough ER has
ribosomes and smooth not. Hier worden veel
moleculen geproduceerd. ER bindt de kern
envelop. Ribosomen zijn altijd 20nm en kunnen
dus als maatlat gebruikt worden.
Golgi Complex: Distribution centre of the cell.
Het gebruikt vesikels voor transport.
Lysosomes: This is the recycling unit and have a
low PH. Ze zijn altijd donker omdat ze altijd
dingen aan het verteren zijn. Het heeft een
speciaal membraan die de lage ph waarde aan
kan. Erg dynamisch
Cytoplasma: Alle organellen ‘drijven’ hierin.
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