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Block 2.7: Problem 8. Cognitive Ageing, English Summary $7.81
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Block 2.7: Problem 8. Cognitive Ageing, English Summary

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This summary includes elaborate and before exam corrected notes on block 2.7 Problem 8. The detail of the notes helps to get a better understanding of course which required critical thinking. The grade obtained for the course was 8.6

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  • April 14, 2021
  • 13
  • 2018/2019
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By: delfinek2205 • 2 year ago

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PROBLEM 8. COGNITIVE AGEING 1




Contemporary Review 2009: Cognitive Aging
(Lauren L. Drag and Linas A. Bieliauskas)


BIOLOGICAL CHANGES
Structural Changes
 Frontal cortex is most affected / faster decline
o Changes in white matter and susceptible myelinated
fibers
o Greater decline in gray matter in frontal regions
 Hippocampal atrophy
o Associated with memory loss in healthy older adults
 The brain volume changes are not linear across life
span (minimal in young ages)
Cerebrovascular Changes
 Decrease in resting blood flow, metabolic rate of oxygen
consumption and vascular reactivity
 Changes in functional blood flow: High prefrontal activation 
decreased lateralization of function
o HAROLD model (Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older
adults) supports that notion for simple and complex tasks
o PASA (posterior-anterior shift): for cognitive functions,
attention, visuospatial processing and memory
Functional changes
 Functional compensation theory: patterns of activation
reflects the recruitment of alternate brain regions to
compensate for neurocognitive decline.
o Older adults have to engage more resources to
compensate for the limited resources not able to perform
cognitive activities
o PASA shift is an example
 Scaffolding theory: increases in functional brain activity,
particularly in the frontal cortex represent compensatory
scaffolding
o Scaffolding is a response to challenge not to aging and it is
evident in younger adults
 Dedifferentiation process theory: Less neural specialization in
older ages because of difficulty engaging in specialized neural
mechanisms.

, PROBLEM 8. COGNITIVE AGEING 2


o Another theory proposed that dedifferentiation is a results
of disruptions in dopamine system  affecting the
prefrontal cortex
o Results in disruptions of top-dow/goal-driven processes 
older networks less discriminant and more likely to respond
to similar stimuli
 Interrelated cognitive activities because of lack of neural
specialization
MODERATING VARIABLES IN COGNITIVE AGING
Variables: intelligence, education and sensory abilities, extraneous
influences (inter-individual variability increases with age)
Greater heterogeneity for low scorers
Education
 Positive relationship between education and cognitive
performance
o Influence on: recall ability and minimal effects on
recognition performance  greater influence on strategic
memory demands
 Years of education-lower rates of cognitive decline (more
cognitive reserve)
o Cognitive reserve: passive-capacity of neurons or active-
engage alternative networks
 Protective factor against cognitive aging (AD cognitive
symptoms same, the high educated were more
progressed in the course of the disorder)
 Individuals with higher reserve start with higher
resources and take longer to reach the threshold for the
disorder appearance
 Positive influence throughout the life span
Biological influences
 Sensory function is a component of cognitive function 
sensory inefficiency leads to engagement of more resources
for “simpler” tasks which in turn leads to less resources for
complex cognitive tasks
Intra-individual variability
 Time-of day effect: decline of cognitive performance in the
afternoon
 Coffee can minimize this decline and improve cognitive
performance in the afternoon
THEORIES OF AGING

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