Samenvatting BMAT biologie (geneeskunde selectie, 2021) in het Engels
69 views 1 purchase
Course
BMAT biologie in het Engels
Institution
BMAT Biologie In Het Engels
Dit document is een samenvatting van het biologie onderdeel van de BMAT, die je nodig hebt als je selectie doet voor geneeskunde (ik heb selectie in Leiden gedaan)
B1- cells
Eukaryotes: alle organismen waarvan iedere cel een celkern bevat. Naast een celkern hebben de
meeste eukaryotische cellen ook andere organellen, zoals mitochondriën en een golgi apparaat
(animal and plant).
Prokaryotes: bacteria
Animal cell (also human cell):
- Cell membrane:
- Cytoplasm:
- Nucleus: contains DNA
- Mitochondrion: Mitochondria are the energy-producing organelles, commonly known as “the
powerhouse of the cell.” The process of cellular respiration occurs in the
mitochondria. During this process, sugars and fats are broken down through a series of
chemical reactions, releasing energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Plant cell:
- Cell membrane:
- Cytoplasm:
- Nucleus:
- Mitochondrion:
- Cell wall:
- Chloroplast: Chloroplasts are located in the leaves. They contain 2 membranes (inside and
outside) and contain stroma (plasma) which contains chloroplast DNA and thylakoids. In the
thylakoids the chlorophyll is located. Photosynthesis finds place in the thylakoids, the process
in which light energy (fotonen) is converted into energy (ATP).
- Vacuole: filled with water and contains different dissolved substances like sugar, salts,
pigments (kleurstoffen) and waste. The vacuole is surrounded by an membrane. Function:
storage and support the cell.
,B2- movement across membranes
Passive transport by membrane:
1. Diffusion: from high to low concentration, ions and molecules through fat part of membrane
or through channel proteins.
2. Osmosis: diffusion of water. Water moves to the highest concentration of dissolved
substances.
3. Fused diffusion: with draut proteins (dragereiwitten) by membrane. From high to low
concentration.
Active transport by membrane:
1. Active by carrier substances: carrier substances (dragerstoffen)= ion pumps, can already
exchange pump work (in contratransport) as far as the sodium-potassium-ATPasepump
(sodium (NA) cell in, potassium (K) out)
2. Endocytosis (vesicular transport):): dust packed in vesicles into the cell
- Receptor-mixed endocytosis: high-concentration vesicle, molecules bind to receptors, then
bind ligands to receptors, and so the vesicle is formed and brought in.
- Pinocytosis: small vesicles filled with extracellular fluid. There is an intubation in the cell
membrane.
- Fagocytosis: vesicles with solid objects. Bulges of cytoplasm enclose the object and thus a
vesicle is formed and brought into the cell.
3. Exocytosis (vesicular transport): vesicle that forms in cell, merges with the membrane and
releases its contents.
B3- cell division and sex determination
Cell cycle: period in which a cell arises, grows, active is and divides.
The cell cycle contains 2 main phases:
- Interphase (G1, S, G2 phase): the cell grows and DNA molecules double. Also the organelles
double.
, - Mitoses (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase): Centrioles divide. Spindle fibers
(spoelfiguur) are formed. division leading to two daughter cells that have the same number
of chromosomes so are genetically identical to each other and the parental cell. After the
telophase the cell divides.
Mitosis plays a role in growth by increasing cell numbers, repair of tissues, replacement of worn out
cells and asexual reproduction.
Cancer: uncontrolled cell division leads to an uncontrolled growth of ‘bad’ cells. This can lead to a
tumour. Uncontrolled cell division is a cause of a mistake in the DNA (mutation).
Gamete (geslachtscel) originate from Meiosis. It contains 2 main phases:
- Interphase: DNA doubles. Each chromosome contains 2 chromatids.
- Meiosis 1: the chromosomes split. Spindle fibers split the 4 chromosome pairs. The cell
divides himself in 2 haploid cells ( 1 cell contains only 1 of each chromosome).
- Meiosis 2: the chromatids split. The cell from 2 to 4 daughter cells. Each daughter cell
contains a single set of chromosomes. Therefore each daughter cell is genetically different,
because of crossing over (chromosomes switch pieces of DNA, therefore chromosomes get
new allele combinations).
asexual reproduction involves one parent and that offspring are genetically identical when no
mutations occur.
sexual reproduction involves two parents and the offspring are genetically different in relation to
each other and the parents, leading to (increased) variation.
Sex determination:
- Vrouw: XX
- Man: XY (because of SRY-gene)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller demiober. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $6.69. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
