This document contains all reactions and mechanisms you need for your Organic chemistry II class.
From simple protonation to amines and carboxylic acids.
First 4 pages include very basics of organic chemistry.
, :
Basic c Principles
Heisenberg 's uncertainty -
we cannot determine
exactly
where the e- is .
Orbital -
an allowed state for an e- , e- distribution in space .
l
diff energy levels n Ms me
-
, , .
Pauli end us ion Afb au thud 's
each orbital can
filling with man
multiplicity
hold two e- lowest 121
IF
only energy
orbital T J J
going to
diff rather same
valence e- → no of e
-
in outer
→ Octet
orbital cuz e-
repel
shell rule
Two
ways of attaining noble
gas conf / stability :i÷÷÷÷ :
transfer .÷ . . .. .
.
. .. . ..
.
Formal each molecule has overall f. e
charge formal charge
each atom has
'
a an
,
F. C = V -
( B d) -
Symmetry → non
polar Asymm entry polar
- -
Polarity unequal share of f ft
-
→ e-
Dipole moment →
Sigma bonds
All bonds
•
single are .
BP decreases
-
lo
I IT O > IT
on
branching
E
-
0
lo at
, most
expensive
Acid(Bases Ya"WMowqtgyggfna.im
highest -
. minimal o
or
f-
Ht H
- -
U H O H → -
o -
H t U
higher
-
-
a -
I c. A CB
pka n
stronger Acid Base c. A add Ht n
acid
→
f
CB → remove H "
Ht donor H' acceptor eclipsed
c- acceptor e- donor strength of an acid depends on the
lewis acid lewis base stability of conjugate bas sin:{745:L, X
tIn
Newman
projections
u
n
( Hz M
" "
I / there are a structures in NiP ① eclipsed ② anti eclipsed -
③ Gauche ⑨ staggered less stable
60
.
energy .
more
Tyne
stable
Anetiuipsed Gauche , less
{fo
"
I
steric hindrance
cuz .
chair conformations l
,
anial
straight anvil
upl down equatorial
-
-
I T
'
-
l equitonial
AT
y
a-
it
-
y
I
& trans
in a
conformation ,
there can be cis .
(A. A) E) CE , A) ( A. E)
trans → I cis → Tp
possible → CE ,
Now , out of all possible conformation ,
which one is the most stable & least stable
eg
cis I
tert-butyl u
methyl cyclohexane
-
- - -
→
l I mind
always keep
in
A -
A'
E ,E E,
A PIE
from
-
1,3 dianial
wars js js strain
Rotation
di stereo mens -
ers enantiomers
cis than s conformers /
terms
stereochemistry
no of stereoisomers
at 180 to each other
'
anti
.
groups
-
.
of denigrates
at O
'
to each other In → no
syn groups
-
.
boo to each other
gauche
-
eclipsed
-
when all 3 substituents overlap completely wite all 3 subst .
carbon
on the neighboring .
racemic min tone -
a 50 : 50 min tire
of two enantiomers
molecule with chiral centres that makes it achiral
meso
compound -
a but a plane of symmetry .
chiral centre carbon four diff groups
a
asymmetric
-
,
achiral → line
of symmetry
a chiral molecule -
has an enantiomer but no
plane of symmetry .
torsional strain strain that arises from proximity of bonds le ) generally eclipsing
-
in them
-
-
.
enantiomer -
non super imposable mirror images .
nor a
The
t t
in
on trans
1- -
enantiomer di stereo mess
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