Klinische Psychologie 1: Persoonlijkheidstheorieën En Psychopathologie PB0104 (PB0104)
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Volledige samenvatting Klinische Psychologie deel 1 PB0104
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Klinische Psychologie 1: Persoonlijkheidstheorieën En Psychopathologie PB0104 (PB0104)
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Open Universiteit (OU)
Book
Klinische psychologie
Dit is een samenvatting van Klinische Psychologie deel 1 van cursus PB0104 aan de Open Universiteit. Het bestaat uit Thema 1 en Thema 2, dus hoofdstuk 1 t/m 10 van het boek. De samenvatting is volledig en uitgebreid.
Klinische Psychologie 1: Persoonlijkheidstheorieën En Psychopathologie PB0104 (PB0104)
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KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE
DEEL 1 PB0104
Persoonlijkheidstheorieën en psychopathologie
Volledige en uitgebreide samenvatting
Emma Segers
2021
,Inhoud
Thema 1..................................................................................................................................................6
Hoofdstuk 1: Over klinische psychologie en ‘abnormaal’ gedrag...........................................................6
1.1 Het terrein van de klinische psychologie......................................................................................6
Box 1.1 De klinisch psycholoog versus de psychiater ......................................................................6
1.2 Aspecten van ‘abnormaal’ gedrag................................................................................................6
1.3 Normaal en abnormaal: waar ligt de grens?.................................................................................8
1.3.1 Het statistisch model.............................................................................................................8
1.3.2 Het medisch of ziektemodel..................................................................................................8
1.3.3 Het leer-of onderwijsmodel...................................................................................................9
Hoofdstuk 2: Neurobiologische benaderingen van psychopathologie.................................................10
2.1 Een historische schets................................................................................................................10
2.2 Psychopathologie: een genetisch perspectief.............................................................................11
Box 2.1 De relatie tussen genotype en fenotype..........................................................................11
2.3 Psychopathologie: een cognitief-neurowetenschappelijk perspectief.......................................12
Box 2.2 De hersenen.....................................................................................................................12
2.3.1 Het limbische systeem.........................................................................................................13
2.3.2 De prefrontale cortex..........................................................................................................14
Box 2.3 Neuroimaging..................................................................................................................14
2.4 Emotieregulatie..........................................................................................................................15
2.5 Comorbiditeit van externaliserende en internaliserende stoornissen........................................16
Hoofdstuk 3: Leertheoretische benaderingen van psychopathologie..................................................17
3.1 Thorndike en Pavlov: (niet) als kat en hond................................................................................17
3.2 Leren: het wat en het hoe..........................................................................................................17
3.3 Etiologie van psychopathologie..................................................................................................18
3.3.1 Appetitieve conditionering..................................................................................................18
3.3.2 Aversieve conditionering.....................................................................................................19
3.3.3 Causaal leren.......................................................................................................................21
3.4 Psychotherapie als leerproces....................................................................................................21
3.4.1 Extinctie als motor van gedragsverandering........................................................................21
3.4.2 Kandidaat-mechanismen van extinctie................................................................................22
3.4.3 Terugval en wat eraan te doen............................................................................................22
3.4.4 De neurobiologie van extinctie............................................................................................23
3.4.5 Enkele andere technieken voor gedragsverandering...........................................................23
Hoofdstuk 4: Cognitieve benaderingen van psychopathologie............................................................25
1
, 4.1 Cognitief-psychologische opvattingen........................................................................................25
4.2 Algemene cognitieve psychologie...............................................................................................25
4.2.1 Schema’s..............................................................................................................................26
4.2.2 Impliciete en expliciete kennis.............................................................................................26
4.2.3 Automatische en gecontroleerde informatieverwerking.....................................................26
4.2.4 Schema-activering...............................................................................................................27
4.2.5 Het ontstaan van schema’s..................................................................................................27
4.2.6 De instandhouding van schema’s........................................................................................27
4.2.7 Verandering van schema’s...................................................................................................27
4.3 De inhoud van schema’s bij verschillende vormen van psychopathologie.................................28
Box 4.1 Gevaarschema’s en angst voor de tandarts.....................................................................28
4.4 Kenmerkende processen bij verschillende vormen van neurotische psychopathologie.............29
4.4.1 Aandachtsbias......................................................................................................................29
4.2.1 Selectieve interpretatie.......................................................................................................29
4.2.2 Geheugenbias......................................................................................................................30
4.5 Cognitieve therapie....................................................................................................................30
Hoofdstuk 5: Psychoanalytische benaderingen van psychopathologie................................................31
5.1 Onbewust...................................................................................................................................31
5.1.1 Dynamisch onbewust...........................................................................................................31
5.1.2 Impliciet weten....................................................................................................................31
5.2 Overdracht en tegenoverdracht.................................................................................................31
5.2.1 Overdracht...........................................................................................................................31
5.2.1 Tegenoverdracht..................................................................................................................32
5.3 De driftpsychologie.....................................................................................................................32
5.3.1 Seksueel overprikkelde incidenten in de kindertijd.............................................................32
5.3.2 Verdrongen driften..............................................................................................................32
5.3.3 De theorie over de vroege psychoseksuele ontwikkeling....................................................32
5.4 De egopsychologie......................................................................................................................33
5.4.1 Het structurele model van de persoonlijkheid.....................................................................33
5.4.2 Afweermechanismen...........................................................................................................34
5.5 De objectrelatiepsychologie.......................................................................................................34
5.5.1 Vroege objectrelatietheorie.................................................................................................34
5.5.2 Latere objectrelatietheorie..................................................................................................35
5.5.3 Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP)........................................................................36
5.6 De zelfpsychologie......................................................................................................................36
5.7 De gehechtheidspsychologie......................................................................................................37
2
, 5.7.1 Gehechtheidsrepresentaties................................................................................................37
5.7.2 Mentaliseren........................................................................................................................38
5.7.3 Geblokkeerd mentaliseren...................................................................................................38
5.7.4 Mentalisation-Based Treatment (MBT)...............................................................................38
5.8 Pathologie, behandelvorm en werkzaamheid............................................................................39
5.8.1 Conflictpathologie en ontwikkelingspathologie...................................................................39
5.8.2 Behandeldoelen...................................................................................................................39
5.8.3 Kortdurende psychoanalytische psychotherapie.................................................................39
5.8.4 Langdurige psychoanalytische behandeling.........................................................................40
Hoofdstuk 6: Humanistische benaderingen van psychopathologie......................................................41
6.1 Kenmerken van de humanistische theorieën.............................................................................41
6.2 Therapeutische uitgangspunten van Rogers...............................................................................42
6.3 Ontwikkelingen na Rogers..........................................................................................................43
6.4 Emotiegerichte therapie.............................................................................................................44
6.5 De behoeftepiramide van Abraham Maslow..............................................................................44
Hoofdstuk 7: Systeembenaderingen van psychopathologie.................................................................46
7.1 Systeembenadering....................................................................................................................46
Box 7.1 Gedrag en context............................................................................................................46
7.2 De algemene systeemtheorie: enkele basisbegrippen...............................................................46
7.2.1 Systemen en subsystemen...................................................................................................46
7.2.2 Circulaire causaliteit.............................................................................................................47
7.2.3 Homeostase en verandering................................................................................................47
7.2.4 Feedbackprocessen.............................................................................................................47
7.2.5 Equifinaliteit en equipotentialiteit.......................................................................................48
7.3 De communicatietheoretische benadering.................................................................................48
7.3.1 Zender, boodschap en ontvanger........................................................................................48
7.3.2 Kenmerken van de communicatie.......................................................................................48
7.3.3 Verschillende soorten interactiepatronen...........................................................................49
7.3.4 Tegenstrijdigheden in de communicatie..............................................................................49
7.4 De structurele benadering..........................................................................................................50
7.4.1 Gezinsstructuur, functies en grenzen..................................................................................51
7.4.2 Associaties en coalities........................................................................................................51
7.4.3 Hiërarchie en het leidinggevende subsysteem....................................................................51
7.4.4 ‘Kluwen’- en ‘los-zand’-gezinnen.........................................................................................52
7.5 Integratieve benaderingen.........................................................................................................52
7.5.1 Multisystemische therapie...................................................................................................52
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