Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence
I summarised my notes from my lectures on this flash sheet and used this to revise for my exams. It's organised nicely and is good if you're a visual learner. Makes all the names, dates and studies less intimidating! Hope it helps :)
Preconscious: currently unconscious but can be recalled
Unconscious: unaware, actively kept unconscious = repression (can weaken: dreams, psych
disturbance – e.g. why shy people can become aggressive when having alcohol [disinhibitor])
Psychosexual Development
Dream interpretation Personality Structure
The need to satisfy your sex drive. Failure to resolve conflicts between desires & social
Dreams direct route to ID: drive to be hedonistic
environment = fixation
unconscious
Superego: morality
Oral (birth-1yr) feeding
Manifest content: literal subject-
Successful - eating independently
matter of the dream (unconscious Ego: rational thinker, balances ^
Unsuccessful - oral fixation (smoking, biting nails)
uses distortions to reveal
innermost thoughts) Personality = result of continual conflict
Anal (1-3yrs) defecation
Anally retentive - obsessive
Latent content: underlying
Anally expulsive - messy
meaning of these symbols
The significance of early experiences
Phallic stage (3-5yrs)
Oedipus:
Source of motivation boy wantsFixation:
- drives mum to child
be primary love object,
has conflict at each fears dadIf will
stage. castrate
conflict isn't him as
punishment. Must identify with dad to stop castration anxiety.
resolved, energy remains invested in that state so less
Libido: fixed amount of energy energy for later stages
born with (sex drive) Electra: girl desires mum, realises she doesn't
Overindulgence have penis
= reluctance (penis envy), hostile
to abandon
towards mum (thinks she's castrated her), becomes attracted
Over-frustration = not enough gratification to dad (he can give
Life-preserving: hungerher baby).
& pain Must identify with mum (doesn't want to lose mum's love)
Delayed gratification: if you wait patiently, your needs
Death instinctLatency stagethought
(Thanatos): (6yrs - puberty) sexual
will be met. urges
Something sublimate intochild
that the sportshad& to
hobbies,
acquirefocus
as on
same-sex
to be response to WW1 friendships no requirement
they develop for competition
(aggression)
Genetial (puberty-adulthood) sexual desires
Transference become responses
- emotional conscious with the onset
generated in of puberty
Cathexes: investment of objects childhood relationships may influence how we respond
✓stages
with libidinal (libido) / aggressive to new people
energy ✓importance of early experiences
✓unconscious aspects of mind
Defence Mechanisms
✗psychopathological focus
Repression: ✗pseudoscience:
supress inconvenient/disagreeable feelings
can’t be directly observed into unconscious
& measured
Displacement:✗onlytoo afraidHans:
support to express
bias, feelings directly
reports came fromto person
dad fanso girldeflect them
of Freud
Projection: externalise unacceptable feelings & attribute them to others
Denial
Sublimation: partially express unconscious Psychoanalytic
drives in a modified & socially acceptable way.
Therapy
Instinctual drives diverted from original aim & channelled into something desirable.
Patient lays on a couch; therapist sits in a chair behind them (no non-verbal cues)
Aim: locate where fixation occurred in development & help resolve emotional conflict
Catharsis: physical expression of emotion // abreaction: discharge emotions associated
with conflicts (thought to be sufficient for cure)
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