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Class notes Mass and Balance (ATPL232) Mass Balance, Meteorological, Ice Motion, Surface Altitude, and Runoff Data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1993 Balance Year, ISBN: 9780117907454$4.40
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Auckland Park Academy Of Excellence, Johannesburg, Gauteng (APAX)
Mass and Balance (ATPL232)
Class notes
Class notes Mass and Balance (ATPL232) Mass Balance, Meteorological, Ice Motion, Surface Altitude, and Runoff Data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1993 Balance Year, ISBN: 9780117907454
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Course
Mass and Balance (ATPL232)
Institution
Auckland Park Academy Of Excellence, Johannesburg, Gauteng (APAX)
Book
Mass Balance, Meteorological, Ice Motion, Surface Altitude, and Runoff Data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1993 Balance Year
Well written elaborate notes covering mass and balance in aircraft.
All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any forms
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission from Atlantic Flight Training
in writing.
ATPL Mass and Balance 27 October 2003
, CHAPTER 1
Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................1-1
CAP 696 - JAR FCL Examinations Loading Manual ................................................................................1-1
Section 1 - General Notes (Pages 1 to 4) ................................................................................................1-2
Definitions ................................................................................................................................................1-2
Conversions (Page 4) ..............................................................................................................................1-3
CHAPTER 2
Mass and Balance Theory
Centre of Gravity (CG) .............................................................................................................................2-1
Effect of Mass (Weight)............................................................................................................................2-2
Balance Arm (BA) ....................................................................................................................................2-2
Datum or Reference Datum .....................................................................................................................2-2
Aeroplane Datum .....................................................................................................................................2-2
SEP 1.......................................................................................................................................................2-2
MEP 1 ......................................................................................................................................................2-3
MRJT 1 ....................................................................................................................................................2-3
Moment....................................................................................................................................................2-3
Loading Index (LI) ................................................................................................................................2-5
Centre of Gravity (CG) .............................................................................................................................2-6
Relocation of Weight................................................................................................................................2-9
Adding Mass ..........................................................................................................................................2-10
Volumetric Measure ...............................................................................................................................2-11
Questions For Chapter 2........................................................................................................................2-14
CHAPTER 3
Mass Limitations
Finding the Basic Mass and Centre of Gravity of an Aircraft....................................................................3-1
Operating Mass (OM) ..............................................................................................................................3-4
Zero Fuel Mass (ZFM) .............................................................................................................................3-4
Maximum Zero Fuel Mass (MZFM)..........................................................................................................3-5
Structural Limitations ...............................................................................................................................3-5
Maximum Structural Take-Off Mass.........................................................................................................3-5
Maximum Structural Taxi Mass................................................................................................................3-5
Maximum Structural Landing Mass..........................................................................................................3-6
Performance Limited Take-Off Mass (PLTOM)........................................................................................3-7
Performance Limited Landing Mass (PLLM)............................................................................................3-7
Regulated Take-Off Mass (RTOM) ..........................................................................................................3-7
Regulated Landing Mass (RLM) ..............................................................................................................3-7
Take-Off Mass (TOM) ..............................................................................................................................3-7
Landing Mass (LM) ..................................................................................................................................3-8
Fuel Terminology .....................................................................................................................................3-8
Basic Aerodynamic Principles................................................................................................................3-13
Centre of Gravity and Stability ...............................................................................................................3-18
Centre of Gravity Envelope....................................................................................................................3-20
Plotting on a CG envelope .....................................................................................................................3-20
Questions for Chapter 3.........................................................................................................................3-24
Requirements of JAR - OPS
Weighing of Aircraft – JAR OPS 1 ...........................................................................................................4-1
Fleet Mass and CG Position ....................................................................................................................4-1
Tare Mass................................................................................................................................................4-2
Loading of Aircraft....................................................................................................................................4-3
Floor Loading...........................................................................................................................................4-4
Security of a Load ....................................................................................................................................4-4
Mass and Balance Document ..................................................................................................................4-5
Last Minute Changes ...............................................................................................................................4-5
Responsibilities ........................................................................................................................................4-6
Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC) ...........................................................................................................4-6
Standard Crew and Passenger Masses from JAR – OPS 1 Subpart J ..................................................4-10
Infants and Children...............................................................................................................................4-11
Adults.....................................................................................................................................................4-11
Passenger Baggage Values ..................................................................................................................4-12
Load Shifting Formula............................................................................................................................4-13
Useful Load and Laden..........................................................................................................................4-14
S.I Units (Systeme International) ...........................................................................................................4-14
Questions for Chapter 4.........................................................................................................................4-16
Medium Range Jet Transport – MRJT 1
Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................8-1
Contents ..................................................................................................................................................8-1
Aircraft Description...................................................................................................................................8-1
Locations Diagram ...................................................................................................................................8-1
Table to Convert Body Stations to Balance Arm......................................................................................8-2
Landing Gear Retraction..........................................................................................................................8-2
Effect of Flap Retraction ..........................................................................................................................8-2
Take-Off Horizontal Stabiliser Trim Setting..............................................................................................8-3
Obtaining Trim Units ................................................................................................................................8-3
Conversion of BA to or from % MAC........................................................................................................8-4
Mass and Balance Limitations .................................................................................................................8-5
Centre of Gravity Limits ...........................................................................................................................8-5
Fuel..........................................................................................................................................................8-5
Passengers (PAX) and Personnel ...........................................................................................................8-6
ATPL Mass and Balance iv 27 October 2003
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