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Lesnotities Nederlandse Letterkunde IV
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Emmelie CatelynVan de pruikentijd tot de
postmodernen - Van Alphen tot
Van Bastelaere: 200 jaar
poeziegeschiedenis van de Lage
Landen
Nederlandse Letterkunde IV
2013-2014
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
DE
1. 18 EEUW: VERLICHTING EN CLASSICISME .............................................................................................. 5
1.1 VOORBESCHOUWINGEN ............................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 CLASSICISME & VERLICHTING ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 BESLUIT CLASSICISME EN VERLICHTING ............................................................................................................ 6
DE
2. 19 EEUW IN HET NOORDEN: ROMANTIEK (1820-1840) ......................................................................... 7
2.1 ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................................................ 7
2.2 ZIE NOTITIES OP PAPIER ............................................................................................................................ 7
DE
3. 19 EEUW IN HET NOORDEN: REALISME (1850-1890) ............................................................................. 8
3.1 ZIE NOTITIES OP PAPIER! .......................................................................................................................... 8
DE
4. 19 EEUW IN HET ZUIDEN: ROMANTIEK (1820-1850) .............................................................................. 9
4.1 GESCHIEDENIS............................................................................................................................................ 9
4.1.1 De Oostenrijkse tijd (1713-1792) ....................................................................................................... 9
4.1.2 De Franse tijd (1792-1814) .............................................................................................................. 10
4.1.3 De Hollandse tijd ( 1815-1830) ........................................................................................................ 10
4.2 TAAL- EN CULTUURFLAMINGANTEN .............................................................................................................. 10
4.3 GENTSE EN ANTWERPSE GROEP VAN ROMANTISCHE DICHTERS ........................................................................... 12
4.3.1 De Gentse groep .............................................................................................................................. 12
4.3.2 Brussel ............................................................................................................................................. 13
4.3.3 Antwerpse groep ............................................................................................................................. 13
DE
5. 19 EEUW IN HET ZUIDEN: REALISME (1850-1890) ................................................................................ 16
5.1 POLITIEKE EN MAATSCHAPPELIJKE CONTEXT.................................................................................................... 16
5.2 LITERAIRE CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2.1 Thematiek ........................................................................................................................................ 16
5.2.2 Genres ............................................................................................................................................. 16
5.2.3 Status van de schrijvers ................................................................................................................... 17
5.3 VERTEGENWOORDIGERS VAN DE REALISTISCHE POËZIE...................................................................................... 17
5.4 VERTEGENWOORDIGERS VAN HET REALISTISCHE PROZA .................................................................................... 19
DE
5.5 OVERZICHT VAN DE 19 EEUW.................................................................................................................... 20
DE
6. WEST-VLAAMSE BLOEI IN DE 19 EEUW: VAN GUIDO GEZELLE TOT ALBRECHT RODENBACH ................ 21
6.1 ALGEMENE SCHETS.................................................................................................................................... 21
6.2 GUIDO GEZELLE........................................................................................................................................ 21
6.3 CONCLUSIE + EPIGONEN ............................................................................................................................ 24
7. DE TACHTIGERS ...................................................................................................................................... 26
7.1 ALGEMENE SCHETS.................................................................................................................................... 26
7.2 DE TACHTIGERS ........................................................................................................................................ 27
7.2.1 Indicatieve aspecten ........................................................................................................................ 27
7.2.2 Ontstaansgeschiedenis De Nieuwe Gids.......................................................................................... 27
7.2.3 Prille geschiedenis van De Nieuwe Gids .......................................................................................... 28
7.3 BELANGRIJKSTE TACHTIGERS ....................................................................................................................... 29
7.4 DEBAT SCHISMA................................................................................................................................... 30
1
,8. DE NEGENTIGERS ................................................................................................................................... 31
8.1 MAATSCHAPPELIJKE + ARTISTIEKE CONTEXT ................................................................................................... 31
8.2 EERSTE EDITIE VNES ................................................................................................................................. 32
8.2.1 Figuren............................................................................................................................................. 32
8.2.2 Opstellen ......................................................................................................................................... 32
8.3 NIEUWE REEKS VNES ................................................................................................................................ 32
8.3.1 Naturalistische poëtica .................................................................................................................... 33
8.3.2 Symbolistische poëtica .................................................................................................................... 34
9. SYMBOLISME IN NL ................................................................................................................................ 37
9.1 JAN HENDRIK LEOPOLD .............................................................................................................................. 37
9.1.1 Biografie .......................................................................................................................................... 37
9.1.2 Poëzie .............................................................................................................................................. 38
9.2 P.C. BOUTENS ......................................................................................................................................... 39
9.2.1 Biografie .......................................................................................................................................... 39
9.2.2 Poëzie .............................................................................................................................................. 39
9.3 3 NAMEN TER AFRONDING: NEO/POST-SYMBOLISTISCHE DICHTERS ..................................................................... 40
10. MODERNISME IN VL .......................................................................................................................... 41
10.1 ALGEMEEN .............................................................................................................................................. 41
10.2 TWEE MODERNISTISCHE TRADITIES ............................................................................................................... 42
10.2.1 Onzuivere traditie ....................................................................................................................... 42
10.2.2 Zuivere traditie ............................................................................................................................ 42
10.3 PAUL VAN OSTAIJEN.................................................................................................................................. 42
10.3.1 Music-Hall (1916) ........................................................................................................................ 42
10.3.2 Het Sienjaal (1918) ...................................................................................................................... 43
10.3.3 De Berlijnse jaren (1918-1921).................................................................................................... 44
10.3.4 Feesten van angst en pijn (1921) ................................................................................................ 45
10.3.5 De bezette stad (1921) ................................................................................................................ 47
10.3.6 Nagelaten gedichten ................................................................................................................... 48
11. MODERNISME IN NL .......................................................................................................................... 50
11.1 HENDRIK MARSMAN ................................................................................................................................. 50
11.2 MARTINUS NIJHOFF (1894-1953).............................................................................................................. 50
12. NEOCLASSICISME IN INTERBELLUM (NL + VL) ..................................................................................... 53
12.1 ALGEMENE BESCHOUWINGEN ..................................................................................................................... 53
12.2 ENKELE HOOFDFIGUREN ............................................................................................................................. 54
12.2.1 J.C. Bloem .................................................................................................................................... 54
12.2.2 Jan van Nijlen .............................................................................................................................. 54
12.2.3 Richard Minne ............................................................................................................................. 55
12.2.4 Maurice Gilliams ......................................................................................................................... 56
12.2.5 Gerrit Achterberg ........................................................................................................................ 56
13. POËZIE VAN VIJFTIG NA WOII ............................................................................................................ 58
13.1 GEWIJZIGDE LITERAIRE KLIMAAT .................................................................................................................. 58
13.2 KENMERKEN ............................................................................................................................................ 59
13.3 ENKELE FIGUREN....................................................................................................................................... 59
13.3.1 Jan G. Elburg ............................................................................................................................... 60
13.3.2 Gerrit Kouwenaar ........................................................................................................................ 60
2
, 13.3.3 Lucebert ...................................................................................................................................... 61
13.3.4 Hugo Claus .................................................................................................................................. 62
14. NIEUWREALISTISCHE EN NEODADAÏSTISCHE TENDENSEN IN JAREN 50 EN 60.................................... 65
14.1 POLITIEK EN KUNST ................................................................................................................................... 65
14.1.1 democratiseringstendens in de kunsten ..................................................................................... 67
14.2 NIEUWREALISME IN NEDERLAND ................................................................................................................. 68
14.2.1 Gard Sivik .................................................................................................................................... 68
14.2.2 Armando ..................................................................................................................................... 68
14.2.3 Barbarber .................................................................................................................................... 69
14.2.4 Bernlef en Schippers .................................................................................................................... 69
14.2.5 Nul-beweging .............................................................................................................................. 70
14.3 NIEUWREALISME IN VLAANDEREN ................................................................................................................ 71
14.3.1 Kenmerken .................................................................................................................................. 71
14.3.2 Roland Jooris ............................................................................................................................... 71
14.3.3 Herman de Coninck ..................................................................................................................... 72
14.4 VERGELIJKING VL - NL ............................................................................................................................... 72
15. JAREN 70: BATAILLE SUR LE CHAMP LITTÉRAIRE ................................................................................ 73
15.1 5 TENDENSEN .......................................................................................................................................... 73
15.2 BRUG MET JAREN 60 ................................................................................................................................. 73
16. NEOROMANTIEK ................................................................................................................................ 75
16.1 ONDERSCHEID NIEUWREALISME EN NEOROMANTIEK ........................................................................................ 75
16.2 NEOROMANTIEK IN NEDERLAND .................................................................................................................. 75
16.2.1 Hans Verhagen ............................................................................................................................ 75
16.2.2 Gerrit Komrij................................................................................................................................ 76
16.2.3 En andere ironische dichters… (≠ invulling) ................................................................................. 77
16.2.4 En andere neoromantische dichters… ......................................................................................... 77
16.3 NEOROMANTIEK IN VLAANDEREN ................................................................................................................ 79
16.3.1 Herman de Coninck ..................................................................................................................... 79
16.3.2 Leonard Nolens ........................................................................................................................... 79
16.3.3 Luuk Gruwez ................................................................................................................................ 80
16.3.4 Jotie T’Hooft ................................................................................................................................ 80
16.3.5 Miriam Van hee........................................................................................................................... 81
17. TAALAUTONOMISTISCHE TENDENSEN ............................................................................................... 82
17.1 ANDERE GENRES ....................................................................................................................................... 82
17.1.1 Experimenteel proza ................................................................................................................... 82
17.2 LINK MET MODERNISME VERKAVELING EXPERIMENTEEL POËZIELANDSCHAP ...................................................... 82
17.2.1 Romantico-modernistische opvattingen ..................................................................................... 83
17.2.2 Postromantische/ symbolistische opvattingen ........................................................................... 83
17.3 NEDERLANDSE DICHTERS ............................................................................................................................ 83
17.3.1 Raster .......................................................................................................................................... 84
17.4 FAVEREY EN KOUWENAAR .......................................................................................................................... 85
17.4.1 Kouwenaar .................................................................................................................................. 85
17.4.2 Hans Faverey ............................................................................................................................... 85
18. POSTMODERNE POËZIE ..................................................................................................................... 89
18.1 POSTMODERNISTISCHE TENDENSEN IN DE POËZIE IN NEDERLAND EN VLAANDEREN ................................................ 89
3
, 18.1.1 Postmodernisme: leesattitude > periodeconcept ........................................................................ 89
18.1.2 Postmodernisme als periodeconcept .......................................................................................... 91
18.1.3 Enkele namen .............................................................................................................................. 91
18.1.4 Zeven publicaties......................................................................................................................... 92
18.2 SLOTBESCHOUWING .................................................................................................................................. 97
4
, 1. 18DE EEUW: VERLICHTING EN
CLASSICISME
1.1 VOORBESCHOUWINGEN
1. Elk overzicht is gekaderd in bepaald perspectief: eigen accenten, geen olympisch standpunt
Subjectief verhaal over 200 jaar literatuurgeschiedenis in Lage Landen
2. Zoeken naar raakvlakken tussen twee literaire systemen in hetzelfde taalgebied >< zoeken
naar verschillen tussen ontwikkeling boven en onder de Moerdijk – poëticale tendensen
verschillen tussen twee literaturen in het Nederlands.
Aandacht voor ontwikkelingen in Nederland en Vlaanderen.
3. Oog voor dominante literaire discours >< oog voor wat er zich in de marge van het literaire
veld afspeelt – experiment, ter discussie stellen van dominante traditie/ conventie.
Aandacht voor tendensen die ontstaan zijn in periferie en ageren tegen bestaande
dominante discours.
1.2 CLASSICISME & VERLICHTING
Classicisme, ontstaan in de 17E in Frankrijk, auteurs als Molière en Racine, ontstaan vanuit theater.
Twee kernbegrippen:
- Vraisemblance: tekst is natuurgetrouwe weerspiegeling van de werkelijkheid
- Bienséance: welvoeglijkheid, literatuur is dienstbaar aan keurige, deftige burgers: spiegel van
deugdzaamheid voor maatschappij – belerend en moraliserend aspect van classicistische
literatuur
(begrippen gedefinieerd door Boilleau)
Classicisme schatplichtig aan renaissance, duidelijk raakvlak: beide stromingen halen mosterd uit
Klassieke Oudheid model voor 17E (Vondel, Hooft) en 18E: allusies, intertekstuele linken met
oudheid.
Verlichting is filosofische stroming met klemtoon op ratio, empirie. God wordt van zijn troon
gestoten (exit religieus denken) door technische innovaties (geloof in wetenschap en techniek –
klemtoon op ratio, niet op emotio)
Vertaald naar literatuur: schrijvers houden zich keurig aan voorgeschreven regels, literatuur is
conform aan het ‘vademecum voor het goede gedicht’. Gedicht is voorbeeld van huiselijkheid en
deugdzaamheid. Moraliserend en belerend karakter. 18E: monotone, saaie literatuur in slipstream
van Gouden Eeuw.
Verwijzing naar maatschappelijke context: hoe heeft literatuur zich al dan niet aangepast aan de
buitentalige werkelijkheid? In de 18E waren er heel wat leesclubs of –gezelschappen waarin de
keurige burgers van gedachten wisselden over contemporaine literatuur. 18E is de eeuw van de
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