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Samenvatting Ontwikkelingspsychologie (P0L59A)
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Volledige samenvatting ontwikkelingspsychologie! Boek is erin verwerkt, dit leren en je slaagt sowieso ;) Professor Luc Goossens
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OntwikkelingspsychologieInhoudsopgave
1. H1: History, Theory and Research Strategies...............................................................................................5
1.1. Definitie..........................................................................................................................................................5
1.2. Domein van de ontwikkelingspsychologie.....................................................................................................5
1.3. Theorie over ontwikkeling.............................................................................................................................6
1.4. Voordelen theorie..........................................................................................................................................6
1.5. Drie basisvragen............................................................................................................................................6
1.5.1. Continu of discontinu?...........................................................................................................................6
1.5.2. Één verloop of meerdere?.....................................................................................................................7
1.5.3. Erfelijkheid of omgeving?......................................................................................................................7
1.5.4. Maar wat bepaalt nu de ontwikkeling?.................................................................................................7
1.6. Dynamische systeembenadering...................................................................................................................8
1.6.1. Kenmerken levensloopperspectief........................................................................................................8
1.6.2. Overloping verschillende kenmerken....................................................................................................8
1.7. Levensloopvisie op ontwikkeling...................................................................................................................9
1.8. Kernprincipes evolutietheorie van Darwin....................................................................................................9
1.9. Vroege wetenschappelijke studie van ontwikkeling......................................................................................9
1.10. Psycho-analytische visie door Freud..........................................................................................................10
1.10.1. Drie aspecten van de persoonlijkheid door Freud............................................................................10
1.11. Psychoseksuele stadia door Freud = erogene zones..................................................................................11
1.11.1. Kritiek op Freud.................................................................................................................................11
1.12. Erikson.......................................................................................................................................................11
1.13. Basisconflicten...........................................................................................................................................11
1.13.1. Voor en nadelen Psychoanalyse........................................................................................................12
1.14. Behaviorisme en sociaal leren...................................................................................................................12
1.15. Sociaal leren...............................................................................................................................................13
1.15.1. Voor en nadelen behaviorisme en sociaal leren...............................................................................13
1.16. Theorie van Piaget.....................................................................................................................................13
1.16.1. Stadia van Piaget...............................................................................................................................14
1.17. Methoden van onderzoek Piaget...............................................................................................................14
1.17.1. Voor en nadelen Piaget.....................................................................................................................14
1.18. Informatieverwerking................................................................................................................................14
1.18.1. Flowcharts..........................................................................................................................................14
1.18.2. Voor en nadelen informatieverwerking............................................................................................15
1.19. Cognitieve ontwikkelingsneurowetenschap..............................................................................................15
1.20. Drie contextuele theorieen........................................................................................................................15
1.20.1. De eerste: ethologie en evolutionaire psychologie...........................................................................15
1.20.2. De tweede : socioculturele van Vygotsky..........................................................................................16
1.20.3. De derde: ecologische theorie van Bronfenbrenner.........................................................................17
1.20.4. Voordelen Bronfenbrenner (GEEN NADELEN)..................................................................................17
1.21. Vergelijken van de drie theorieen..............................................................................................................17
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, 1.22. Ontwikkeling bestuderen...........................................................................................................................18
1.22.1. Kiezen onderzoeksstrategie...............................................................................................................18
1.23. Algemene onderzoeksdesigns...................................................................................................................19
1.23.1. Correlatiecoeffiecent (correlationeel onderzoek).............................................................................19
1.23.2. Experimenteel onderzoek..................................................................................................................19
1.24. Ontwikkelingspsychologie – onderzoeksdesigns.......................................................................................20
LONGITUDINAAL.......................................................................................................................................... 20
CROSS-SECTIONEEL...................................................................................................................................... 20
SEQUENTIEEL............................................................................................................................................... 21
1.25. Combinatie experimenteel en ontwikkelingsopzet....................................................................................21
2. Hoofdstuk 3 : prenatal development, birth and the newborn baby...........................................................22
2.1. Bevruchting en innestelen...........................................................................................................................22
2.1.1. Bevruchting..........................................................................................................................................22
2.1.2. Perioden prenatale ontwikkeling........................................................................................................22
2.2. Prenatale omgevingsinvloeden...................................................................................................................26
2.2.1. factoren die schade door teratogenen beinvloeden...........................................................................26
2.2.2. Teratogene stoffen (zie schema).........................................................................................................27
2.3. Gezonde prenatale ontwikkeling (moeder).................................................................................................28
2.4. Prenatale begeleding is zeer belangrijk.......................................................................................................29
2.5. Drie stadia van geboorte.............................................................................................................................30
2.6. Baby en omgang met geboorte...................................................................................................................30
2.6.1. De Apgar – schaal (inschatten hoe de baby het doet obv scores van 0 tot 2)....................................30
2.6.2. Apgar score..........................................................................................................................................31
2.7. Benaderingen van bevalling........................................................................................................................31
2.8. Medische ingrepen bij de bevalling.............................................................................................................32
2.9. Prematuren..................................................................................................................................................33
2.10. Te vroeg geboren en te kleine baby’s........................................................................................................33
2.10.1. Te vroeg – te klein.............................................................................................................................34
2.11. Interventies voor vroeggeborenen............................................................................................................34
2.11.1. Ouders trainen in de vaardigheden van het zorgen..........................................................................35
2.12. Baby- sterfte..............................................................................................................................................35
2.13. Geboortecomplicaties, opvoeding en veerkracht......................................................................................35
2.14. Capaciteiten van pasgeborene..................................................................................................................36
2.15. States of Arousal (zie aparte tabel)...........................................................................................................36
2.15.1. Slaap...................................................................................................................................................36
2.15.2. Huilen.................................................................................................................................................37
2.16. Tastzin pasgeborene..................................................................................................................................37
2.17. Smaak en reukzin.......................................................................................................................................37
2.17.1. Smaakzin............................................................................................................................................37
2.17.2. Reukzin...............................................................................................................................................38
2.17.3. Geuren herkennnen...........................................................................................................................38
2.18. Gehoorzin...................................................................................................................................................38
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, 2.19. Gezichtszin.................................................................................................................................................38
2.20. Evaluatie pasgeborene..............................................................................................................................38
2.21. Aanpassing aan veranderd gezin..............................................................................................................39
3. H5 Cognitive Development in infancy and toddlerhood............................................................................39
3.1. De cognitieve ontwikkelingstheorie van Piaget..........................................................................................39
3.1.1. Theorie van Piaget: schema’s..............................................................................................................40
3.2. Het sensorimotorisch stadium.....................................................................................................................40
3.2.1. Circulaire reactie..................................................................................................................................41
3.3. Later onderzoek (niet door Piaget)..............................................................................................................43
3.4. Object – permanentie..................................................................................................................................43
3.5. Mentale voorstellingen................................................................................................................................44
3.6. Samenvatting:..............................................................................................................................................44
3.7. Symbolisch inzicht........................................................................................................................................45
3.8. Evaluatie van het sensorimotorische staduym............................................................................................45
3.8.1. Basiskennis...........................................................................................................................................45
3.8.3. Evaluatie Piaget...................................................................................................................................46
3.9. Informatieverwerking (2e benadering over hoe we kunnen denken)..........................................................46
3.9.1. Structuur van het informatieverwerkingssysteem:.............................................................................47
3.10. Vooruitgang inzake informatieverwerking in baby)-leeftijd.....................................................................48
3.10.1. Verbetering geheugenprestaties.......................................................................................................49
3.10.2. Ontwikkeling van categorizatie.........................................................................................................49
3.11. Evaluatie informatieverwerking................................................................................................................49
3.12. Vygotsky’s socioculturele theorie..............................................................................................................49
3.13. Individuele verschillen in mentale vaardigheden......................................................................................50
3.13.1. Intelligentietests................................................................................................................................50
3.14. Ontwikkeling van de taal...........................................................................................................................52
3.14.1. Twee theorieen over taalontwikkeling..............................................................................................53
3.15. Voorbereiding op praten...........................................................................................................................53
3.16. Vocalisaties en brabbelen..........................................................................................................................54
3.17. Echt gaan communiceren..........................................................................................................................54
3.18. Beginnen te praten....................................................................................................................................54
3.18.1. Een woord zin....................................................................................................................................54
3.18.2. Onder en overextensie......................................................................................................................55
3.18.3. Twee woorden zin.............................................................................................................................55
3.18.4. Individuele verschilen in taalontwikkeling........................................................................................55
3.18.5. Stijl van praten...................................................................................................................................56
3.18.6. Taalachterstand.................................................................................................................................56
3.19. Ondersteunen taalverwerving...................................................................................................................56
3.19.1. Onbewust ondersteunen taalverwerving..........................................................................................56
4. Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood...............................................................57
4.1. Psychosociale stadie bij baby’s en peuters..................................................................................................57
4.1.1. Erikson.................................................................................................................................................57
4.2. Ontwikkeling van emoties...........................................................................................................................58
4.2.1. Eerste verschijning van basis-emoties................................................................................................58
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, 4.2.2. Begrijpen emoties van anderen...........................................................................................................59
4.2.3. Sociale bevestiging zoeken..................................................................................................................59
4.2.4. Zelf bewuste emoties..........................................................................................................................60
4.2.5. Emotionele zelf regulering...................................................................................................................60
4.3. Temperament..............................................................................................................................................61
4.3.1. Structuur van temperament................................................................................................................61
4.3.2. Meten temperament...........................................................................................................................62
4.3.3. Stabiliteit temperament.....................................................................................................................63
4.4. Genetica en omgeving bij temperament.....................................................................................................63
4.4.1. Schuchterheid en aanpassing in China................................................................................................63
4.4.2. Genetische invloeden..........................................................................................................................63
4.4.3. Omgevingsinvloeden...........................................................................................................................63
4.4.4. Goodness of fit model.........................................................................................................................64
4.5. Gehechtheid.................................................................................................................................................64
4.5.1. Ethologische theorie van gehechtheid................................................................................................64
4.5.2. Vier fasen.............................................................................................................................................65
4.5.3. Meten van gehechtheid.......................................................................................................................65
4.5.4. Patronen van gehechtheid..................................................................................................................66
4.5.5. Attachment Q sort...............................................................................................................................66
4.6. Stabiliteit gehechtheid.................................................................................................................................66
4.7. Cultuurverschillen........................................................................................................................................67
4.8. Factoren die invloed hebben op de veilige gehechtheid.............................................................................67
4.8.1. Vroege beschikbaarheid consistende verzorger.................................................................................67
4.8.2. Kwaliteit opvoeding.............................................................................................................................67
4.8.3. Kenmerken kind...................................................................................................................................68
4.8.4. Omstandigheden gezin........................................................................................................................68
4.9. Meervoudige gehechtheid...........................................................................................................................69
4.9.1. Vaders..................................................................................................................................................69
4.9.2. Broers en zussen..................................................................................................................................70
4.10. Gehechtheid en latere ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................70
4.10.1. Latere ontwikkeling...........................................................................................................................70
4.11. Ontwikkeling van het zelf..........................................................................................................................71
4.11.1. Zelfbewustzijn....................................................................................................................................71
4.11.2. Emotionele/sociale ontwikkeling en zelf-categorisatie....................................................................72
4.11.3. Bewuste controle (‘effortful control’)...............................................................................................72
5. Hoofdstuk 7: Pyschical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood.....................................................73
5.1. Piagets preoperationele stadium................................................................................................................73
5.1.1. Ontwikkeling van Verbeelding (make believe spel)............................................................................73
5.1.2. Uiterlijke verschijning en realiteit........................................................................................................73
5.1.3. Beperkingen preoperationele denken.................................................................................................74
5.1.4. Later onderzoek over preoperationeel denken..................................................................................75
5.1.5. Recenter onderzoek.............................................................................................................................75
5.1.6. Evaluatie preoperationeel stadium.....................................................................................................76
5.2. Opvoedkundige principes afgeleid uit piagets theorie................................................................................76
5.3. Vygotsky’s socioculturele theorie en vroege kindertijd...............................................................................76
5.3.1. Private taal...........................................................................................................................................76
5.3.2. Sociale oorsprong van het denken......................................................................................................77
5.4. Vygotsky en onderwijs.................................................................................................................................77
5.4.1. Evaluatie theorie Vygotsky..................................................................................................................77
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