Summary
Summary ICS week 7 till 13 lectures
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In this document you will find a summary of week 7 to 13 of all the important information mentioned during the lectures and the working groups.
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ICS partial exam 2, 14 DecemberWeek 7 News production - News values & Media logic
Are media important?
Does the media decide how we see the world? Joris Luyendijk says that news are
exceptions to the rule. And we learn from these exceptions.
CNN effect
News or information about societal/political issues affects public opinion and this
could have an effect on the government in the form of pressure.
Pseudo event
A pseudo event is an event planned to receive media publicity. It’s dramatic,
planned, clearly marked in time and space. It is a media event which wouldn’t take
place without media attention.
Media logic
“The power to define who and what is (politically) relevant lies firmly with the media.”
Producers have their own logic, people anticipate on demand from the media.
Mediatization is a process (Esser and Strömback) in which there is a development toward
increasing media influence. Mediation is transferring information via media.
Mediatization
Together the dimensions divide the extent to which politics or society is mediated.
First dimension
The most important source of information, is the media, people depend on the
media
Second dimension
Media mainly independent of political institutions, they are less connected to
political parties
Third dimension
The media are independent of political institutions, they have there own media logic,
they have their own ways of talking about topics
Fourth dimension
Political actors responding to the media, as they are independent, they try to
influence the media
First partisan logic media identify with party. Role journalism is dependent, mouthpiece
(close link with political parties). Then media logic, public addressed as consumer (wishes
and desires from the public are more important. Role journalism is dominate, entertaining,
cynical.
News values
Journalists have ground rules regarding in question “what is news?” Values of Galling &
Ruge and values of Harcup & O’Neill are the following:
1. Frequency (an event that unfold conveniently within the production cycle of news
outlets)
2. Threshold (an event that passes a threshold/boundry)
3. Unambiguity (easy understandable topics)
4. Meaningfulness/Relevance (when an event is culturally relevant)
5. Consonance (if journalist has a pre-image of an event)
6. Unexpectedness/Surprise/Magnitude (event is rare or unexpected, has an impact)
7. Continuity/Follow-up (one an event made the news it remains there)
8. Composition (event included because it fits better)
9. Reference to elite nations/The power elite/Celebrity (elite people, persons, something
negative)
1
, 10. Entertainment (stories concerning sex, show business, human interest, animals,
drama, humor)
11. Good news/Bad news (stories with a positive/negative tone)
12. Newspaper agenda (stories that fit the organization’s own agenda)
What is a good source
- Productive
- Reliable
- Authoritative
- Mediagenic
- Socially and geographically close
- Not representative
Inter-media influence: media are influenced by media
Week 8 Influence of news media - Agenda-setting & Framing
Agenda setting theory
“The press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is
successful in telling people what to think about.” The agenda setting theory of McCombs
and Shaw assumes that the media have the ability to transfer the salience (noticeable or
important) of issues on their news agenda to the public agenda. The media agenda effects
the public agenda by making news more salience.
First and second level of agenda setting
First level of agenda setting is that you see a topic in the news and consequently think that
this is an important issue. Second level of agenda setting is the transfer of salience of a
dominant set of attributes. Different aspects (attributes) about the topic are described. If
you are more influenced by one specific attribute, it is second level agenda setting. To
frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a
communication context.
Correlation
- Media agenda ⟶ public agenda
- Media agenda ⇄ public agenda
- Media agenda public agenda
actual facts
- Need for orientation
↓
Media agenda ⟶ public agenda
- Relevance uncertain need for orientation
high high
high low moderate
low low
Framing (Entman)
Select aspects and make them more salient in a communicating text. Frame building is
framing in the newsroom, frames in the news. Frame setting are frames in the news,
framing effects.
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