Summary
Summary 2.7 Problem 7
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summary for problem 7 of 2.7
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3 reviews
By: rafaellagheorghe • 3 year ago
This summary was lacking. It was missing 1 whole article and most of the article by Drag.
By: ebru1365 • 3 year ago
I'm sorry to hear that! Sometimes the material and the instructions on which sections to read changes from year to year, maybe that's why some parts were missing for you :( Hopefully other summaries will be more helpful in the future.
By: Miruna • 3 year ago
By: ebru1365 • 3 year ago
Thank you for your reviews! :)
By: lottafra • 3 year ago
the summaries from previous problems were great. this one is unfortunately very incomplete, articles are not fnished and some are missing entirely :(
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Problem 7LG:
- How does aging affect cognitive abilities and how do they change over time?
- How can we alter (improve) cognitive abilities? Factors?
- How does training affect cognitive abilities of older people?
- How does aging influence our brain development?
Drag – contemporary review 2009: cognitive aging
Biological changes:
- Normal aging is accompanied by physiological changes in the brain both structurally
and functionally
- Structurally:
o brain declines in volume (not uniformly across regions)
o frontal cortex is most affected, declining faster
o white matter declines are greatest in anterior regions and myelinated fibers
are more susceptible to breakdown in this region
o decline in gray matter is greatest at frontal regions
o hippocampal atrophy, also associated with memory loss
o hippocampal volume loss is associated with decreased memory performance
o brain volume changes are minimal in younger and middle-aged adults
o rate of age-related volume decline accelerates with age
- Cerebrovascular system:
o decreases in resting blood flow, metabolic rate of oxygen consumption and
vascular reactivity of cerebral vessels
o changes in functional blood flow
o hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults (HAROLD) model shows that
prefrontal activation during cognitive processes is less lateralized in older
adults
- Theory of functional compensation
o These patterns of activation reflect the recruitment of alternate brain regions
to counteract neurocognitive decline
o Aging brain needs to engage in additional areas to generate the same amount
of resources as younger adults
- Scaffolding theory by Park and Reuter-Lorenz:
o Increases in functional brain activity (especially frontal cortex) represent
‘compensatory scaffolding’
o Scaffolding: recruitment of additional circuitry that reinforce declining
structures whose functions are noisy and inefficient
o Scaffolding is not a response to aging but challenge and even younger adult
brains do it
- Functional activation patterns tend to be less specific in older age
- Declines in neural integrity lead to reduced specialization or differentiation of task-
specific behaviors
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