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samenvatting communicatiewetenschappen 2
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Samenvatting van de hoorcolleges communicatiewetenschappen 2 professor: Joris Willem
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SAMENVATTINGCOMMUNICATIEWETENSCHAPPEN 2
PROFESSOR: J. WILLEMS
Pauline Vandercruyssen
SCHAKELJAAR COMMUNICATIEWETENSCHAPPEN 2020-21 – VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
Hoofdstuk 1: Het verhaal in meervoud: Inleidende beschouwingen ................................................................ 4
1.1. VERLICHTING, HUMANISME & Postmodernisme .................................................................................... 4
1.1.1. Moderniteit als historische fase ...................................................................................................... 4
1.1.2. Modernisme als COGNITIEF denkkader .......................................................................................... 6
1.1.3. Modernisme als artistieke stroming ............................................................................................... 6
1.1.4. Kritische stemmen in/over moderniteit .......................................................................................... 7
1.1.5. Postmoderniteit als historische fase ............................................................................................... 8
1.1.6. Postmodernisme als denkkader ...................................................................................................... 8
1.1.7. Postmodernisme als artistieke stroming ....................................................................................... 10
1.1.8. Modernisme vs. Postmodernisme ................................................................................................ 11
1.1.9. Kritische beschouwingen en permanente in vraagstelling............................................................ 11
1.1.10. Alles in een context zien ................................................................................................................ 13
Hoofdstuk 2: Evolutie in Onderzoeksvragen ................................................................................................... 14
2.1. Communicatiewetenschappen ................................................................................................................... 14
2.2. Kritiek op communicatiewetenschappen ................................................................................................... 14
2.3. Evolutie van een discipline ......................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.1. Mens- en maatschappijbeeld/ paradigma (structureel en conjunctureel) ......................................... 15
2.3.2. Financiële bepalingen .................................................................................................................... 16
2.3.3. Evolutie van en machtsstrijd met andere wetenschappen ........................................................... 17
Hoofdstuk 3: De institutionalisering van de communicatiewetenschappen ................................................... 20
3.1. Communicatiewetenschappen in vlaanderen ....................................................................................... 20
3.1.1. Institutionalisering van de wetenschappen .................................................................................. 20
3.1.2. verschillende aanleidingen ............................................................................................................ 20
3.1.3. Communicatiewetenschappen in Vlaanderen .............................................................................. 21
3.2. Netwerken, conferenties en Journals .................................................................................................... 24
Hoofdstuk 4: Heuristiek van de complexiteit .................................................................................................. 24
4.1. Pleidooi voor heuristiek van de complexiteit binnen sociale wetenschappen ............................................ 25
4.1.1. Complex causaliteitsbegrip ........................................................................................................... 25
4.1.2. Einde aan dichotomisch denken: en/en i.p.v. of/of ...................................................................... 26
4.1.3. Pleidooi voor concept de départs i.p.v. concepts-terminus.......................................................... 26
4.1.4. Zelfkritiek i.p.v. zelfgenoegzaamheid ............................................................................................ 29
Hoofdstuk 5: Kritische paradigma; marxistische benaderingen, frankfurther shule, politiek economie, cultural
studies ........................................................................................................................................................... 30
5.1. Mainstream paradigma vs. Kritisch paradigma ......................................................................................... 30
5.2. Ontstaan kritisch paradigma ...................................................................................................................... 31
5.3. Marxistische benaderingen: elementaire bouwstenen .............................................................................. 31
5.3.1. Kapitalistische productiewijze ............................................................................................................. 32
5.3.2. Relatie tussen onderbouw en bovenbouw ......................................................................................... 32
5.3.3. Ideologie, vals bewustzijn, macht ....................................................................................................... 34
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, 5.3.4. Marxistische benaderingen: verschillende invullingen ....................................................................... 34
5.3.5. Ideologie: Marx, Gramsci en Althusser ............................................................................................... 35
5.3.6. Marxistische benaderingen, toegepast op media ......................................................................... 36
5.3.7. Frankfurther Shule ........................................................................................................................ 36
5.4. Politieke economie en cultural studies .................................................................................................. 38
5.4.1. Politieke Economie – Cultuurstudies: scholenstrijd of complementair? ............................................ 38
5.4.2. Vragen die gesteld worden bij dit thema ............................................................................................ 38
5.4.3. Politieke economie vs. ‘kritische’ politieke economie ........................................................................ 39
5.4.4. Politieke economie van de media (PEM) ............................................................................................ 39
5.4.5. Onderzoeksprogramma politieke economie ....................................................................................... 40
Hoofdstuk 6: Politieke economie.................................................................................................................... 40
6.1. Politieke economie – definities < Mosco .................................................................................................... 40
6.2. Onderzoeksprogramma politieke economie .............................................................................................. 41
1. Historische studie van macht en sociale verandering ........................................................................... 41
2. Sociaal totaliteitsdenken: structureel-dialectische causaliteit .................................................................. 42
3. Morele stellingnames/engagement .......................................................................................................... 43
4. Praxis: niet enkel descriptief maar ook prescriptief werken ..................................................................... 43
6.3. Scholen Politieke Economie ........................................................................................................................ 44
6.4. Politieke economie: thematiek en evolutie ................................................................................................ 44
6.4.1. Centrale thematieken ......................................................................................................................... 44
6.4.2. Trends in de politieke economie traditie in de 21 ste eeuw.................................................................. 45
6.4.3. Vaak bestudeerde concepten binnen PEM ......................................................................................... 46
6.4.4. Politieke Economie: kritiek .................................................................................................................. 47
Hoofdstuk 7: Cultural studies & EVOLUTIE Kritische paradigma ..................................................................... 47
7.1. Cultural studies ........................................................................................................................................... 47
7.1.1. Wat is cultural studies? ....................................................................................................................... 48
7.1.2. Cultural studies: Twee paradigma’s .................................................................................................... 49
7.1.3. Cultural studies: twee paradigma’s verenigd in CCCS ......................................................................... 53
7.1.4. Cultural studies: onderzoeksprogramma ............................................................................................ 54
7.1.5. Cultural Studies in relatie tot marxistische benaderingen .................................................................. 54
7.1.6. Cultural studies versus …..................................................................................................................... 55
7.1.7. Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model .............................................................................................. 55
7.1.8. Du Gay’s Circuit of Culture .................................................................................................................. 56
7.1.9. Evolutie cultural studies ...................................................................................................................... 56
7.1.10. Kritieken ............................................................................................................................................ 57
7.1.11. Cultural studies vs. Politieke economie ............................................................................................ 57
7.1.12. Cultural studies ≈ politieke economie als kritische benaderingen .................................................... 58
Hoofdstuk 8: Over taal, betekenis en representatie ....................................................................................... 58
8.1. Representatie ............................................................................................................................................. 58
8.2. Betekenis en representatie ......................................................................................................................... 59
8.2.1. Drie benaderingen............................................................................................................................... 59
8.2.2. Hoe werkt taal? Hoe werkt representatie? ......................................................................................... 59
8.2.3. Evolutie constructivistische visie op betekenis ................................................................................... 60
8.2.5. Poststucturalisme: Foucault’s visie op taal en betekenis .................................................................... 62
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, 8.2.6. Case: Vluchtelingen in het nieuws ..................................................................................................... 63
Hoofdstuk 9: Communicator studies .............................................................................................................. 65
9.1. Communicator ............................................................................................................................................ 65
9.1.1. Communicator studies ........................................................................................................................ 65
9.2. Het medium ................................................................................................................................................ 68
9.2.1. Historische mediUMstudies: Toronto school ...................................................................................... 68
9.2.2. 4 axioma’s ten aanzien van niet-technisch onderzoek naar media .................................................... 70
9.2.3. Innovatie en de verspreiding ervan..................................................................................................... 72
9.2.4. Technologisch determinisme? ............................................................................................................ 73
9.2.5. Aanpak mediumstudies ....................................................................................................................... 74
Les 10: Over publiek & publieksstudies .......................................................................................................... 74
9.1. Hybride en denkbeeldige notie: hét publiek ............................................................................................... 75
9.1.1. Hybride notie hét publiek.................................................................................................................... 75
9.2. Effectenonderzoek en almacht van de media ............................................................................................ 75
9.3. Kritiek op almacht van de media ................................................................................................................ 76
9.4. Two step flow of communication ............................................................................................................... 77
9.4.1. OPINIELEIDERS/ ‘influentials’ .............................................................................................................. 77
9.5. Publieksonderzoek ...................................................................................................................................... 78
9.5.1. User &Gratifications: Publiek is doelgericht ....................................................................................... 78
9.5.1. Behoeften en mediagebruik ................................................................................................................ 79
9.5.2. Drie belangrijke klemtonen in publieksonderzoek.............................................................................. 80
9.5.3. Onderzoek: Stem van de vluchteling................................................................................................... 82
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