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Summary Keywords, categories and experiments Cognition Exploring the Science of the Mind 6E, Daniel Reisberg $5.78   Add to cart

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Summary Keywords, categories and experiments Cognition Exploring the Science of the Mind 6E, Daniel Reisberg

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This document contains keywords, categories and experiments that are named in the book Cognition, Exploring the Science of the Mind 6E, written by Daniel Reisberg

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  • April 22, 2021
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  • 2020/2021
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Cognitive Psychology
Keywords and definitions
Introspection: looking within, limits: not testable, reliable and subjective, unconscious thoughts not taken into
account

Behaviourism: the mind is a black box, focus on input (stimulus) and output (behaviour): is testable, objective
and observable.

Transcendental method: solve the problem that introspection is unreliable, untestable and subjective and that
behaviourism does not look into the mind at all by starting at the observable behaviour and working back
trying to find the cause

Working memory: memory used when actively working on a particular piece of information

Central executive: part of the working memory that controls voluntary behaviour, helps you focus on one thing
at a time, set goals and subgoals

Articulatory rehearsal loop: part of the working memory that stores information by rehearsing it. Makes the
central executive clear in order to do other processing

Phonological buffer: inner ear, rehearsal of auditory information in working memory

Visuospatial buffer: storage for visual images in working memory

Episodic buffer: chronological storage of events in working memory

Subvocal speech: inner voice, rehearsal of verbal information in working memory

Articulatory suppression: suppresses subvocalization and thus the articulatory rehearsal loop, storage more
difficult (saying tahtahtah)

Span test: test to measure working memory capacity

Anarthria: inability to speak

Capras syndrome: amygdala damaged, so no loving feeling towards loved ones and prefrontal cortex damaged,
no filter for illogical thoughts (killing father because thinking it in an intruder)

Neuroimaging: 3D pictures of the brain (scans)

Occipital lobe: lobe that has mechanisms for processing of visual information

Amygdala: regulates and analyses emotions and illogical thoughts

Prefrontal cortex: has hindbrain, forebrain and midbrain in it

Hindbrain: contains cerebellum (balance), regulates rhythms of heartbeat and breathing

Midbrain: coordinates precise movement (eyes)

Forebrain: contains cerebral cortex

Cerebral cortex: outer, folded layer of brain, contains motor areas, sensory areas and association areas

Thalamus: relay station for all sensory information going to the cortex

Hypothalamus: hormone regulation, under thalamus

Limbic system: around thalamus and hypothalamus, contains the amygdala and hippocampus

,Hippocampus: memory, in limbic system

Lateralization: all brain lobes come in pairs, for left and right brain half. The two halves work together, are both
specialized in slightly different things.

Split-brain: left and right brain half do not work together properly

Commissures: communication lines between brain halves

Neuropsychology: study of brain areas and functions and how those relate to one another

Clinical neuropsychology: examining legions or using TMS to find the functions of undamaged brains (see what
is no longer working without specific brain area)

Legions: damaged brain areas

Alpha rhythm: rhythm of brain activity when awake, but relaxed (shower)

Delta rhythm: rhythm of brain activity when deeply asleep

Event-related potential: brain activity while reacting to an event

TMS: temporarily ‘shutting off’ particular brain areas to do research on brain function

Apraxis: damage in association area, organization and initialization of actions disturbed

Agnosia: damage in association area, identifying objects disturbed

Neglect syndrome: damage in association area, neglecting half of the visual world while perceiving and imaging
(left half)

Aphasia: damage in association area, language capacities disturbed: unable to speak

Axon: outputs neurotransmitters out of presynaptic membrane

Dendrite: takes neurotransmitters as input through postsynaptic membrane (tree-like)

All-or-none law: neurons need to pass an action potential (certain threshold of activity) in order to fire. They
either fire or not, no in between (1-0)

Photoreceptors: rods (brightness, sensitive) and cones (colour, details, less sensitive to brightness)

Fovea: the centre of the retina, cones are here. Cones find detail, that is why you face directly toward an
object when you want to look at it more closely. Rods are on the outside of the retina, that is why you can see
stars (dim light) better from the corner of your eye.

Lateral inhibition: detector cells inhibit surrounding cells, making the edges of objects more prominent

Receptive fields: detector cells have different receptive fields (lines, curves, motion, light, etc)

Centre-surround cells: when light falls in the middle of receptive field, it has a certain effect. When light falls on
the outside of the receptive field, that effect is the opposite

What system: object recognition, occipital - temporal

Where system: object location, occipital - parietal

Binding problem: after detectors found their own type of information and processed it, input needs to be put
together again into one bigger picture

Neural synchrony: when neurons fire at the same type, the input they detected is put together when binding

Gestalt principles: principles that help understand the way we perceive forms of objects

, Perceptual constancy: when a car is driving towards us, we perceive the size of the car as constant even
though the car is becoming bigger on our retina

Unconscious inference: unconscious calculation to allow perceptual constancy ( size constancy: retina size x
distance = real size)

Contrast effect: when something light is close to something dark, it looks even lighter because of contrast

Apperceptive agnosia: unable to link elements into one object

Associative agnosia: unable to link object to knowledge (find verbal label)

Bottom-up processing: starting at input features, building up toward image, data-driven

Top-down processing: starting at knowledge of concepts and the world, interpreting input accordingly,
concept-driven

Integrative agnosia: unable to put separate features of input together into one object or image

Frequency effect: when a stimulus is encountered often, the detector cells are already warmed up (primed).
Next detection goes faster and recall is easier

Recency effect: when a stimulus has just been encountered, the detector cells are still warmed up (primed).
Next detection goes faster and recall is easier

Primacy effect: the first stimuli in a series can be rehearsed more often, so recall is easier

Priming: warming up detector cells

Word-superiority effect: letters are more easily found in existing words, because participant knows in one
glimpse which letters are in there instead of having to read all of them

Well-formed words: words that are formed according to the unwritten rules about possible letter
combinations (does not have to be existing word). Letters in well-formed words are also easier found.

Feature net: net of detectors

Bigram detectors: detect sets of two

Distributed knowledge: knowledge is about the combination paths of activation when a certain stimulus is
given

Geons: building blocks for objects

Propagnosia: unable to recognize faces

Inversion effect: recognizing objects is more difficult when they are presented upside down (this effect is
strongest for face recognition)

Fusiform face area: brain area specialized in face recognition

Holistic perception: perceiving faces as one whole

Composite effect: perceiving parts of different faces as one whole when presented in a compatible way

Selective attention: focus the beam of attention on one thing

Dichotic listening: listening to an attended channel while ignoring the unattended channel

Shadowing: repeating exactly what you have just heard

Inattentional blindness: when so focused on one thing, miss something else that can be right in front of you

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