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Samenvatting Menselijke biologie en gentica

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  • Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Volledige, uitgebreide samenvatting van Menselijke Biologie en genetica aan de hand van het handboek. 1e Bachelor psychologie aan de VUB. Bevat alle hoofdstukken ook die van genetica, in het Nederlands met extra verduidelijking aan de hand van afbeeldingen. Zelf 14/20 mee gehaald in eerste zit.

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  • April 23, 2021
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  • 2019/2020
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  • menselijke biologie en genetica

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  • Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
  • Psychologie
  • Menselijke biologie en genetica
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Samenvatting menselijke biologie en
genetica
Inhoud
1 Ch. 02: Chemistry of life .................................................................................................. 19
1.1 water .......................................................................................................................... 19
1.1.1 Waterstofbruggen ............................................................................................... 19
1.1.2 Kenmerken van water......................................................................................... 19
1.1.2.1 Water heeft een hoge warmte capaciteit ..................................................... 19
1.1.2.2 Water heeft een hoge verdampingswarmte ................................................. 19
1.1.2.3 Water is een oplosmiddel ............................................................................ 19
1.1.2.4 Watermoleculen doen cohesie en adhesie ................................................... 19
1.1.2.5 Bevroren water is minder dicht dan vloeibaar water. ................................. 20
1.2 Bases (eiwitten) & zuren ........................................................................................... 20
1.2.1 buffers................................................................................................................. 20
1.3 Macromolecules......................................................................................................... 21
1.4 Koolhydraten ............................................................................................................. 22
1.4.1 Eenvoudige koolhydraten:.................................................................................. 22
1.4.2 Complexe koolhydraten (polysachariden) ......................................................... 22
1.5 Lipiden ....................................................................................................................... 23
1.5.1 Verzadigde, onverzadigde en transvetzuren ....................................................... 24
1.5.2 Fosforlipiden ...................................................................................................... 25
1.5.3 Steroïden............................................................................................................. 25
1.6 Proteïnen/ eiwitten ..................................................................................................... 25
1.6.1 Functies .............................................................................................................. 25
1.6.2 Aminozuren: subeenheden van proteïnen .......................................................... 26
1.6.3 Peptiden .............................................................................................................. 26
1.6.4 Vorm van een eiwit/proteïne .............................................................................. 27
1.6.5 Levels van proteïne structuren ........................................................................... 27
1.7 Nucleïne zuren (nucleïc acids) .................................................................................. 28
1.7.1 Verschillen in structuur tussen DNA en RNA ................................................... 28
1.7.2 ATP (Adeninetrifosfaat) ..................................................................................... 29
2 Ch.03: cell structure and function. ................................................................................... 30
2.1 Wat is een cel ............................................................................................................. 30

1

, 2.1.1 Celgrootte ........................................................................................................... 30
2.2 Hoe cellen zijn georganiseerd .................................................................................... 30
2.2.1 Er zijn 2 soorten cellen Prokaryoot .................................................................... 30
2.2.2 Structuur ............................................................................................................. 31
2.3 Plasmamembraan en verplaatsingen .......................................................................... 32
2.3.1 Plasmamembraan functies .................................................................................. 32
2.3.1.1 Diffusie ....................................................................................................... 33
2.3.1.2 Osmose ........................................................................................................ 33
2.4 Soorten verplaatsingen langs het celmembraan ......................................................... 33
2.4.1 Vergemakkelijkt transport (facilitated transport) ............................................... 34
2.4.2 Actief transport ................................................................................................... 34
2.4.3 Endocytose en exocytose ................................................................................... 35
2.5 Nucleus en het endomembrane systeem .................................................................... 35
2.5.1 Nucleus ............................................................................................................... 35
2.5.2 Ribosomen .......................................................................................................... 35
2.5.3 Het endomembrane systeem............................................................................... 36
2.5.3.1 Endoplasmatisch reticulum ......................................................................... 36
2.5.3.2 Golgiapparaat .............................................................................................. 36
2.5.3.3 Lysosomen .................................................................................................. 36
2.6 Cytoskelet, cellbeweging en celverbindingen (junctions) ......................................... 37
2.6.1 Cilia en flagella .................................................................................................. 37
2.6.2 Extracellulaire matrix ......................................................................................... 37
2.6.3 Verbindingen tussen cellen ................................................................................ 38
2.6.3.1 Adhesion junctions (hechtingsverbindingen).............................................. 38
2.6.3.2 Tight junctions (nauwe verbindingen) ........................................................ 38
2.6.3.3 Gap junctions (kloofverbindingen) ............................................................. 38
2.7 Metabolisme en energiereactie. ................................................................................. 38
2.7.1 Metabole paden .................................................................................................. 38
2.7.2 Enzymen ............................................................................................................. 39
2.8 Mitochondria en cellulaire ademhaling. .................................................................... 39
2.8.1 Cellulaire ademhaling ........................................................................................ 40
2.8.1.1 Glycolyse .................................................................................................... 40
2.8.1.2 Citroenzuurcyclus (Citric acid cycle / Krebs cycle) ................................... 40
2.8.1.3 Elektronen transportketen ........................................................................... 40
2.8.2 Fermentatie ......................................................................................................... 41

2

,3 Ch.04: organization and regulation of body systems. ...................................................... 42
3.1 Soorten weefsel.......................................................................................................... 42
3.2 Bindweefsel (connective tissue) verbind en ondersteund.......................................... 42
3.2.1 Fibreus bindweefsel (fibrous)............................................................................. 42
3.2.2 Ondersteunend bindweefsel: .............................................................................. 43
3.2.2.1 kraakbeen .................................................................................................... 43
3.2.2.2 Botten .......................................................................................................... 43
3.2.2.3 Vloeibaar bindweefsel: bloed...................................................................... 43
3.2.2.4 Vloeibaar bindweefsel: lymfe ..................................................................... 44
3.3 Epitheelweefsel beschermt ........................................................................................ 44
3.4 Integumentair systeem ............................................................................................... 46
3.4.1 Delen van de huid ............................................................................................... 47
3.4.1.1 Het epidermis (opperhuid) .......................................................................... 47
3.4.1.2 Het dermis (lederhuid) ................................................................................ 47
3.4.1.3 Onderhuidse laag (subcutaneous layer) ...................................................... 47
3.4.2 Huidkanker ......................................................................................................... 48
3.4.3 Andere belangrijke organen van dit systeem. .................................................... 48
3.5 Orgaansystemen, lichaamsholten en membranen ...................................................... 48
3.5.1 Van weefsel naar orgaansystemen ..................................................................... 48
3.5.2 Orgaansystemen ................................................................................................. 49
3.5.3 Lichaamsholten (body cavities) ......................................................................... 50
3.5.4 Lichaamsmembranen ......................................................................................... 50
3.6 Homeostase ................................................................................................................ 50
3.6.1 Feedback ............................................................................................................. 52
4 Ch.05: cardiovascular system: heart and blood vessels ................................................... 53
4.1 Cardiovasculair systeem ............................................................................................ 53
4.1.1 Functie ................................................................................................................ 53
4.2 Soorten bloedvaten .................................................................................................... 53
4.2.1 Slagaders (arteries) ............................................................................................. 53
4.2.2 Arteriolen ........................................................................................................... 54
4.2.3 Haarvaten (capillaries) ....................................................................................... 54
4.2.4 Venules ............................................................................................................... 54
4.2.5 Aderen (veins) .................................................................................................... 54
4.3 Het hart is een dubbele pomp .................................................................................... 55
4.3.1 Coronaire circulatie: de bloedtoevoer van het hart ............................................ 55

3

, 4.3.2 Hartspiercellen (cardiomyocyten) ...................................................................... 56
4.3.3 Doorgang van bloed door het hart ...................................................................... 56
4.3.4 Autonomie van het hart ...................................................................................... 57
4.3.4.1 externe autonomie van het hart : grote vaten .............................................. 57
4.3.4.2 Externe autonomie: kleine vaten ................................................................. 58
4.3.4.3 Interne autonomie: kamers .......................................................................... 58
4.3.4.4 Interne autonomie: kleppen ......................................................................... 59
4.4 Hartslag is gecontroleerd ........................................................................................... 59
4.4.1 Interne controle van de hartslag ......................................................................... 60
4.4.2 Externe controle van de hartslag ........................................................................ 60
4.4.3 Elektrocardiogram (ECG) .................................................................................. 60
4.5 Bloeddruk .................................................................................................................. 62
4.5.1 Skeletspierpomp ................................................................................................. 64
4.5.2 Ademhalingspomp ............................................................................................. 64
4.6 Twee bloedsomlopen ................................................................................................. 64
4.6.1 Kleine bloedsomloop (pulmonary circuit) ......................................................... 64
4.6.2 Grote bloedsomloop (systemic circuit) .............................................................. 64
4.6.3 Hepatic portal system ......................................................................................... 65
4.7 Bloedvatenstelsel ....................................................................................................... 65
4.8 Stofuitwisseling in de haarvaten ................................................................................ 66
4.9 Cardiovasculaire aandoeningen (CVD) ..................................................................... 67
4.9.1 Aandoening aan de bloedvaten .......................................................................... 67
4.9.1.1 Hypertensie (hoge bloeddruk)..................................................................... 67
4.9.1.2 Atherosclerose ( slagaderverkalking).......................................................... 67
4.9.1.3 Coronary heart disease (CDH) .................................................................... 67
4.9.1.4 Myocardial infarction (MI) ......................................................................... 68
4.9.1.5 Cerebrovasculair accident (CVA) ............................................................... 68
4.9.1.6 Aneurysma .................................................................................................. 68
4.9.1.7 Behandelingen ............................................................................................. 68
4.9.2 Aandoeningen van het hart ................................................................................. 69
4.9.2.1 Hartfalen ..................................................................................................... 69
4.9.2.2 Arrhythmia .................................................................................................. 69
4.9.2.3 Behandeling ................................................................................................ 69
4.10 Bijlage ........................................................................................................................ 70
5 Ch.06: cardiovascular system: blood................................................................................ 72

4

, 5.1 Functie van bloed....................................................................................................... 72
5.1.1 Transport ............................................................................................................ 72
5.1.2 Afweer ................................................................................................................ 72
5.1.3 Regulatie............................................................................................................. 72
5.2 Samenstelling van bloed ............................................................................................ 72
5.2.1 Gevormde elementen .......................................................................................... 72
5.2.2 Plasma ................................................................................................................ 73
5.2.2.1 Plasmaproteïnen .......................................................................................... 73
5.3 Rode bloedcellen (erythrocyten) ............................................................................... 74
5.3.1 Productie van rode bloedcellen .......................................................................... 74
5.3.2 Aandoeningen i.v.m. rode bloedcellen ............................................................... 75
5.3.2.1 Jaundice (geelzucht) .................................................................................... 75
5.3.2.2 Anemia (bloedarmoede).............................................................................. 75
5.4 Witte bloedcellen (leukocyten) .................................................................................. 75
5.4.1 Soorten witte bloedcellen ................................................................................... 75
5.4.2 Aandoeningen i.v.m. witte bloedcellen .............................................................. 76
5.4.2.1 Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) ............................................. 76
5.4.2.2 Leukemie..................................................................................................... 76
5.4.2.3 Infectious mononucleosis (klierkoorts)....................................................... 76
5.4.3 Beenmerg transplantatie ..................................................................................... 76
5.5 Bloedplaatjes (trombocyten)...................................................................................... 77
5.5.1 Bloedstolling ...................................................................................................... 77
5.5.2 Stollingsstoornissen ............................................................................................ 77
5.5.2.1 Hemofilie .................................................................................................... 77
5.5.2.2 Trombose .................................................................................................... 78
5.5.2.3 Embolisme .................................................................................................. 78
5.6 Bloedtypes en bloedtransfusies ................................................................................. 78
5.6.1 ABO bloedgroep ................................................................................................ 78
5.6.1.1 Bloedgroepen koppelen: ............................................................................. 79
5.6.2 Rh factor ............................................................................................................. 80
5.6.2.1 Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) .................................................. 80
5.7 Homeostase ................................................................................................................ 80
6 Ch.07: The lymphatic and immune system ...................................................................... 81
6.1 Functies ...................................................................................................................... 81
6.2 Delen van lymfestelsel............................................................................................... 81

5

, 6.2.1 Lymfevaten ......................................................................................................... 81
6.2.2 primaire lymfoïde organen ................................................................................. 82
6.2.2.1 rood beenmerg ............................................................................................ 82
6.2.2.2 Thymusklier ................................................................................................ 82
6.2.3 Secundaire lymfoïde organen ............................................................................. 82
6.2.3.1 Mild ............................................................................................................. 82
6.2.3.2 Lymfeknopen (lymph nodes) ...................................................................... 83
6.3 Aangeboren immuun afweer (innate immune defenses)............................................ 83
6.3.1 Eerste lijn van bescherming: Fysieke en chemische barrières ........................... 84
6.3.2 Tweede lijn van bescherming: Ontstekingsreactie ............................................. 84
6.3.3 Tweede lijn van bescherming: beschermingsproteïnen. .................................... 85
6.3.3.1 Complementen ............................................................................................ 85
6.3.3.2 Interferonen : communicatie molecule ....................................................... 85
6.3.4 Tweede lijn van bescherming; fagocytose ......................................................... 85
6.4 Adaptief immuun afweer ........................................................................................... 86
6.4.1 Hoe het werkt. .................................................................................................... 86
6.4.2 B-cellen .............................................................................................................. 87
6.4.2.1 Antilichamen ............................................................................................... 87
6.4.3 T-cellen ............................................................................................................... 88
6.4.3.1 Cytotoxische T-cellen (TC) ......................................................................... 89
6.4.3.2 Helper T-cellen (TH) ................................................................................... 89
6.5 Verkregen immuniteit ................................................................................................ 90
6.5.1 Actieve immuniteit ............................................................................................. 90
6.5.1.1 Ziekten ........................................................................................................ 91
6.5.2 Passieve immuniteit............................................................................................ 91
6.5.3 Immuniteit en cytokine ....................................................................................... 92
6.6 Overgevoeligheidsreacties ......................................................................................... 92
6.6.1 Allergieën ........................................................................................................... 92
6.6.2 Andere immuun problemen ................................................................................ 93
6.6.2.1 Immuunsysteem stoornissen ....................................................................... 93
7 Ch.08: Biology of infectious diseases .............................................................................. 94
7.1 Bacteriën en virussen ................................................................................................ 94
7.1.1 Bacterie............................................................................................................... 94
7.1.2 Virussen .............................................................................................................. 95
7.1.3 Prionen ............................................................................................................... 95

6

, 7.2 Infectieziekten en de gezondheid van de mens ......................................................... 95
7.3 HIV ............................................................................................................................ 96
7.3.1 Oorsprong en prevalentie van HIV. ................................................................... 96
7.3.2 Fasen van een HIV infectie ................................................................................ 97
7.3.2.1 Categorie A: acute fase. .............................................................................. 97
7.3.2.2 Categorie B: chronische fase....................................................................... 97
7.3.2.3 Categorie C: AIDS. ..................................................................................... 97
7.3.3 HIV structuur ...................................................................................................... 97
7.3.4 Levenscyclus van HIV ....................................................................................... 98
7.3.5 Transmissie en preventie van HIV ..................................................................... 99
7.3.6 HIV testen en behandeling ................................................................................. 99
7.4 Tuberculose ............................................................................................................. 100
7.4.1 Veroorzaker en transmissie .............................................................................. 100
7.4.2 De ziekte ........................................................................................................... 100
7.4.3 Behandeling en preventie ................................................................................. 100
7.5 Malaria ..................................................................................................................... 100
7.5.1 Veroorzaker en transmissie .............................................................................. 101
7.5.2 De ziekte ........................................................................................................... 101
7.5.3 Behandeling en preventie ................................................................................. 101
7.6 Influenza (griep) ...................................................................................................... 101
7.6.1 Influenzavirussen ............................................................................................. 101
7.6.2 Vogelgriep ........................................................................................................ 102
7.7 Opkomende ziekten (boek van 2014) ...................................................................... 102
7.8 Antibioticaresistentie ............................................................................................... 102
7.8.1 XDR TB ........................................................................................................... 103
7.8.2 MRSA............................................................................................................... 103
8 Ch. 09: digestive system and nutrition ........................................................................... 104
8.1 Overzicht van de vertering ...................................................................................... 104
8.1.1 Inname (ingestion) ............................................................................................ 104
8.1.2 Spijsvertering (digestion) ................................................................................. 104
8.1.3 Beweging .......................................................................................................... 104
8.1.4 Absorptie .......................................................................................................... 104
8.1.5 Eliminatie ......................................................................................................... 104
8.2 Wand van het verteringsstelsel ................................................................................ 105
8.2.1 Mucosa ............................................................................................................. 105

7

, 8.2.2 Submucosa ....................................................................................................... 105
8.2.3 Muscularis ........................................................................................................ 105
8.2.4 Serosa ............................................................................................................... 105
8.3 Mond, keelholte en slokdarm .................................................................................. 106
8.3.1 Mond ................................................................................................................ 106
8.3.1.1 De tanden en de tong ................................................................................. 106
8.3.2 Keelholte (pharynx) en slokdarm (esophagus) ................................................ 107
8.3.2.1 Slikken ...................................................................................................... 107
8.3.2.2 Peristaltiek................................................................................................. 108
8.4 De maag en dunne darm. ......................................................................................... 108
8.4.1 De maag............................................................................................................ 108
8.4.2 Dunne darm ...................................................................................................... 109
8.4.2.1 Vertering in de dunne darm. ..................................................................... 109
8.4.2.2 Absorptie van voedingstoffen ................................................................... 109
8.4.3 Lactose-intolerantie .......................................................................................... 110
8.4.4 Overzicht vertering ........................................................................................... 110
8.5 De bijbehorende organen en regulatie van afscheidingen ....................................... 110
8.5.1 Pancreas (alvleesklier) ...................................................................................... 111
8.5.2 Lever en galblaas .............................................................................................. 111
8.5.2.1 Leveraandoeningen ................................................................................... 111
8.5.3 De regulatie van afscheidingen ........................................................................ 112
8.6 De dikke darm en de ontlasting ............................................................................... 112
8.6.1 Functies van de dikke darm .............................................................................. 113
8.6.2 Aandoeningen van de dikke darm en endeldarm. ............................................ 113
8.6.2.1 Diarree....................................................................................................... 113
8.6.2.2 Constipatie ................................................................................................ 113
8.6.2.3 Diverticulose ............................................................................................. 113
8.6.2.4 prikkelbare darmsyndroom (irritable bowel syndrome) ........................... 113
8.6.2.5 Inflammatoire darm syndroom (Inflammatory bowel syndrome) ............ 113
8.6.2.6 Poliepen en kanker .................................................................................... 114
8.7 Voeding en gewichtsbeheersing .............................................................................. 114
8.7.1 Klassen van voedingstoffen ............................................................................. 114
8.7.1.1 Koolhydraten ............................................................................................. 114
8.7.1.2 Proteïnen ................................................................................................... 114
8.7.1.3 Lipiden ...................................................................................................... 115

8

, 8.7.1.4 Mineralen .................................................................................................. 115
8.7.1.5 Calcium ..................................................................................................... 115
8.7.1.6 Natrium (Sodium) ..................................................................................... 116
8.7.1.7 Vitaminen .................................................................................................. 116
8.7.1.8 Antioxidanten ............................................................................................ 116
8.7.1.9 Vitamine D ................................................................................................ 117
8.7.2 Eetstoornissen................................................................................................... 117
8.7.2.1 Anorexia nervosa ...................................................................................... 117
8.7.2.2 Bulimia nervosa ........................................................................................ 117
8.7.2.3 Eetbuistoornis (binge-eating disorder) ...................................................... 117
8.7.2.4 Muscle dysmorphia ................................................................................... 117
8.7.2.5 Obesitas ..................................................................................................... 117
9 Ch.10: The respiratory system ....................................................................................... 118
9.1 de bovenste luchtwegen. .......................................................................................... 118
9.1.1 De neus ............................................................................................................. 118
9.1.2 De keelholte (pharynx) ..................................................................................... 119
9.1.3 Het strottenhoofd (larynx) ................................................................................ 119
9.2 Onderste luchtwegen ............................................................................................... 119
9.2.1 De luchtpijp (trachea) ....................................................................................... 119
9.2.2 Bronchiale boom .............................................................................................. 120
9.2.3 De longen ......................................................................................................... 120
9.2.3.1 De alveolen ............................................................................................... 120
9.3 Mechanisme van ademen ......................................................................................... 121
9.3.1 Inspiratie ........................................................................................................... 121
9.3.2 Exhalatie ........................................................................................................... 121
9.3.3 Maximale inademinspanning en geforceerde uitademing ................................ 121
9.3.4 Volume van uitgewisselde lucht bij de ademhaling ......................................... 122
9.3.4.1 Getijvolume (tidal volume) ....................................................................... 122
9.3.4.2 Vitale capaciteit (vital capacity) ............................................................... 122
9.3.4.3 Inademings en uitademing reserve volume ............................................... 122
9.3.4.4 Restvolume (residual volume) .................................................................. 122
9.4 Controle van de ademhaling .................................................................................... 122
9.4.1 Sensorische controle van de ademhaling ......................................................... 122
9.4.2 Chemische controle van de ademhaling ........................................................... 123
9.5 Gasuitwisseling in het lichaam ................................................................................ 123

9

, 9.5.1 Externe ademhaling .......................................................................................... 123
9.5.2 Interne ademhaling ........................................................................................... 124
9.6 Ademhaling en gezondheid. .................................................................................... 124
9.6.1 Infecties aan de bovenste luchtwegen .............................................................. 124
9.6.2 Onderste luchtwegaandoeningen ...................................................................... 125
9.6.2.1 Infecties van de onderste luchtwegen ....................................................... 125
9.6.2.2 Restrictieve longaandoening ..................................................................... 126
9.6.2.3 Obstructieve longziekte ............................................................................ 126
9.6.2.4 Longkanker ............................................................................................... 126
10 Ch.11: urinary system .................................................................................................... 128
10.1 Functies van het uitscheidingsstelsel ....................................................................... 128
10.1.1 Uitscheiding van metabolisch afval ................................................................. 128
10.1.2 Behoud van water-zout balans ......................................................................... 128
10.1.3 Behoud van zuur-base evenwicht ..................................................................... 128
10.1.4 Uitscheiding van hormonen ............................................................................. 128
10.1.5 Absorberen van gefilterde voedingsmiddelen en aanmaken van vitamine D. . 128
10.2 Organen van het uitscheidingsstelsel ....................................................................... 128
10.2.1 Nieren ............................................................................................................... 129
10.2.2 Urineleiders (ureters)........................................................................................ 129
10.2.3 Urineblaas ......................................................................................................... 129
10.2.4 Urinebuis .......................................................................................................... 129
10.3 Nier structuur ........................................................................................................... 129
10.3.1 Anatomie van de nefronen ............................................................................... 130
10.3.1.1 Delen van de nefron .................................................................................. 130
10.4 Urinevorming........................................................................................................... 131
10.4.1 Glomerulaire filtratie ........................................................................................ 131
10.4.2 Tubulaire reabsorptie........................................................................................ 132
10.4.3 Tubulaire uitscheiding ...................................................................................... 132
10.5 Nieren en homeostase .............................................................................................. 132
10.5.1 Uitscheiden van afvalmoleculen ...................................................................... 133
10.5.2 Water-zout balans ............................................................................................. 133
10.5.2.1 Reabsorptie van zout en water uit de corticale delen van de nefron ......... 133
10.5.2.2 Reabsorptie van zout en water uit medullaire delen van de nefron .......... 134
10.5.2.3 Interactie van renine, aldosteron en ANH ................................................. 134
10.5.2.4 Diuretica (urine afdrijvend middel) .......................................................... 134

10

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