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Samenvatting Persoonlijkheidspsychologie
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Samenvatting syllabus persoonlijkheidspsychologie gegeven door Leen Demets. Let op: nummering kan niet kloppen of zwarte vakjes geven. Helaas kreeg ik het niet weg ...
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Persoonlijkheids-psychologie
Samenvatting
Orthopedagogie
2020 – 2021
Inhoudsopgave
1 Zelfbeeld en zelfwaardering.................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Begripsbepaling...........................................................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Een theoretisch kader: het persoonsmodel van Verhofstadt-Denève (1994).............................................................................7
1.3.1 Persoon als dynamische IK-MIJ relatie.................................................................................................................................7
1.3.2 Dimesnies van het zelfbeeld: 6 fenomenologische zelfconstructies...................................................................................7
1.3.3 Persoonskenmerken en condities........................................................................................................................................8
1.3.4 Extern en intern zelfbeeld....................................................................................................................................................8
1.3.5 Bewustzijnniveaus................................................................................................................................................................8
1.3.6 Fenomenologische zelfconstructie en realiteit....................................................................................................................9
, 1.4 Informatiebronnen bij de opbouw van het zelfbeeld..................................................................................................................9
1.4.1 Introspectie..........................................................................................................................................................................9
1.4.2 Percepties van ons eigen gedrag..........................................................................................................................................9
1.4.3 Jezelf vergelijken met anderen............................................................................................................................................9
1.4.4 Het autobiografisch geheugen.............................................................................................................................................9
1.4.5 Culturele perspectieven.....................................................................................................................................................10
1.5 De ontwikkeling van het zelfbeekd en zelfwaardering.............................................................................................................10
1.5.1 De ontwikkeling van taal....................................................................................................................................................10
1.5.2 Kinderen van 3 tot 4 jaar....................................................................................................................................................10
1.5.3 Kinderen van 5 tot 7 jaar....................................................................................................................................................10
1.5.4 Kinderen van 8 tot 11 jaar..................................................................................................................................................11
1.5.5 De adolescentie..................................................................................................................................................................11
1.5.6 Ontwikkeling van de reflectie op de ander........................................................................................................................11
1.6 Zelfwaardering verder uitgediept.............................................................................................................................................12
1.6.1 Verschillende visies op zelfwaardering..............................................................................................................................12
1.6.2 Globale versus domeinspecifieke zelfwaardering.............................................................................................................12
1.6.3 Het zelfwaarderingsmodel van Harter (1990)...................................................................................................................13
1.6.4 Meetinstrumenten.............................................................................................................................................................13
1.6.5 Behoefte aan zelfwaardering.............................................................................................................................................14
1.6.6 Mechanismen van zelfverheerlijking.................................................................................................................................15
1.7 Zelfrepresentatie.......................................................................................................................................................................16
1.7.1 Strategische zelfpresentatie...............................................................................................................................................16
1.7.2 Zelfverificatie......................................................................................................................................................................16
2 Persoonlijkheid................................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.1 Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................................................................18
2.2 Een definiëring van het begrip persoonlijkheid.........................................................................................................................18
2.2.1 Vele definities.....................................................................................................................................................................18
2.2.2 Onderscheid tussen persoonlijkheid, temperament en karakter......................................................................................19
2.3 Geschiedenis van de persoonlijkheidspsychologie....................................................................................................................19
2.3.1 Wanneer is de eerste persoonlijkheidstheorie ontstaan?.................................................................................................19
2.3.2 Waardoor is de persoonlijkheidspsychologie beïnvloed?.................................................................................................20
2.3.3 Vraagstukken......................................................................................................................................................................20
2.4 Ideografische en nomothetische benaderingen........................................................................................................................20
2.4.1 Ideografische banderingen................................................................................................................................................21
2.4.2 Nomothetische benaderingen...........................................................................................................................................21
2.5 Meten van persoonlijkheidskenmerken....................................................................................................................................21
2.5.1 Psychometrische methoden..............................................................................................................................................21
2.5.2 De factoranalytische methode...........................................................................................................................................21
2.5.3 Factoranalytische studies van de persoonlijkheid.............................................................................................................22
2.5.4 De karaktertrektheorieën..................................................................................................................................................22
2.5.5 Persoonlijkheidseigenschappen of situaties?....................................................................................................................22
2.6 De Big Five.................................................................................................................................................................................22
2.6.1 Vijf persoonlijkheidsdimensies...........................................................................................................................................23
2.6.2 Geschiedenis van de vijf dimensionele begrippen.............................................................................................................23
2.6.3 De basis van het 5-Factoren Model: de lexicale hypothese..............................................................................................23
2.6.4 De relevantie van deze theorie?........................................................................................................................................24
2.7 Meetinstrumenten van persoonlijkheid....................................................................................................................................24
2.7.1 De NEO-PI-R (de NEO Personality Inventory-Revised, Hoekstra, Ormel en De Fruyt, 1996)............................................24
2.7.2 De hierarchische persoonlijkheidsvragenlijst voor kinderen (hi-pic)................................................................................24
2.8 Persoonlijkheid van kinderen....................................................................................................................................................25
2.9 Toepassing: artikel....................................................................................................................................................................25
3 Emoties en emotionele intelligentie.................................................................................................................................... 26
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, 3.1 Definiëring en omkadering van het begrip emotie...................................................................................................................26
3.1.1 Emoties: de reactie van een heel systeem.........................................................................................................................26
3.1.2 Een mogelijke definitie.......................................................................................................................................................26
3.1.3 Eigenschappen van een emotionele ervaring....................................................................................................................27
3.1.4 Onderscheid gevoel, emotie en stemming........................................................................................................................27
3.1.5 Functies van emoties -> Waar dienen emoties voor?.......................................................................................................28
3.1.6 Primaire en secundaire emoties........................................................................................................................................28
3.2 De zes basisemoties (Paul Ekman)............................................................................................................................................29
3.3 Emoties cultuurgebonden of aangeboren?...............................................................................................................................29
3.3.1 Het onderzoek van Paul Ekman.........................................................................................................................................29
3.3.2 Uitingsregels van emoties binnen de verschillende culturen............................................................................................29
3.4 Kan men leugenaars ontmaskeren?..........................................................................................................................................30
3.5 Als hulpverlener werken met emoties (gevoelens) van de cliënt en van jezelf.........................................................................30
3.6 Theorieën over het ontstaan van emoties - Hoe komen emoties tot stand?............................................................................30
3.6.1 James-Lange theorie..........................................................................................................................................................30
3.6.2 Cannon-Bard theorie..........................................................................................................................................................31
3.6.3 Schachter en Singer (2-factorentheorie)............................................................................................................................31
3.6.4 Theorie van LeDoux............................................................................................................................................................32
3.6.5 Conclusie emotietheorieën................................................................................................................................................33
3.7 Emotionele intelligentie.............................................................................................................................................................33
3.7.1 Kennis van eigen emoties...................................................................................................................................................33
3.7.2 Het reguleren van emoties.................................................................................................................................................33
3.7.3 Zelfmotivatie......................................................................................................................................................................33
3.7.4 Het onderkennen van andermans emoties.......................................................................................................................34
3.7.5 Het omgaan met relaties....................................................................................................................................................34
4 Stress, burn-out en coping................................................................................................................................................... 35
4.1 Stress: Een breed begrip............................................................................................................................................................35
4.2 Gezonde en ongezonde stress...................................................................................................................................................36
4.2.1 Kenmerken van gezonde stress.........................................................................................................................................36
4.2.2 Kenmerken van ongezonde stress.....................................................................................................................................36
4.3 Bronnen van stress....................................................................................................................................................................37
4.3.1 Alledaagse problemen, gebeurtenissen.............................................................................................................................37
4.3.2 Levensgebeurtenissen........................................................................................................................................................37
4.3.3 Traumatische ervaringen...................................................................................................................................................37
4.3.4 Chronische stress: de duur van stressvolle gebeurtenissen..............................................................................................37
4.4 Model voor ongezonde stress...................................................................................................................................................38
4.4.1 De rol van doelen in het ontstaan van ongezonde stress..................................................................................................39
4.4.2 De rol van persoonlijkheid in het ontstaan van ongezonde stress....................................................................................39
4.5 Beoordelingsprocessen..............................................................................................................................................................40
4.5.1 Attributionele en verklarende stijlen.................................................................................................................................40
4.5.2 Perceptie van controle.......................................................................................................................................................41
4.5.3 Optimisme..........................................................................................................................................................................41
4.5.4 Positieve emoties...............................................................................................................................................................41
4.6 Langdurig ongezonde stress op het werk : burn-out................................................................................................................41
4.6.1 Een verhaal over stress en overspanning..........................................................................................................................42
4.6.2 Stress eigen aan de hulpverlening.....................................................................................................................................42
4.6.3 Burn-out als eindfase van langdurig proces.......................................................................................................................42
4.6.4 Wat is burn-out?................................................................................................................................................................45
4.6.5 Beïnvloedende factoren.....................................................................................................................................................47
4.6.6 Onderscheid stress en burn-out........................................................................................................................................48
4.7 Gevolgen (consequenties) van stress en burn-out voor jezelf en de omgeving........................................................................48
4.8 Coping : omgaan met stress......................................................................................................................................................48
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, 4.9 Stress en burn-out : wat kan je er zelf aan doen?.....................................................................................................................49
4.9.1 Zicht krijgen op de eigen hulpverleningsstijl......................................................................................................................49
4.9.2 Anders leren denken..........................................................................................................................................................49
4.9.3 Zorgen voor jezelf...............................................................................................................................................................50
4.9.4 Stress-beleid.......................................................................................................................................................................51
5 Faalangst............................................................................................................................................................................ 52
5.1 Angst.........................................................................................................................................................................................52
5.1.1 Angst als levenstrek...........................................................................................................................................................53
5.1.2 Angst als toestand..............................................................................................................................................................53
5.2 Faalangst...................................................................................................................................................................................53
5.2.2 Soorten van faalangst........................................................................................................................................................53
5.2.3 Types van faalangstigen.....................................................................................................................................................54
5.2.4 Beïnvloedende factoren bij faalangst................................................................................................................................54
5.3 Herkennen van faalangst (kenmerken).....................................................................................................................................56
5.3.1 Het zelfbeeld en beeld van de andere...............................................................................................................................56
5.3.2 Lichamelijke kenmerken....................................................................................................................................................56
5.3.3 Cognitieve kenmerken.......................................................................................................................................................56
5.3.4 Gedragsmatige kenmerken................................................................................................................................................57
5.3.5 Verschillende gedragspatronen of uitingsvormen.............................................................................................................57
5.4 Conceptuele benadering: beschrijvend procesmodel van motivatie en faalangst van Depreeuw en Lens..............................58
5.4.1 Component 1: inschatten van de situatie (motieven en behoeften).................................................................................58
5.4.2 Component 2: inschatten van eigen coping mogelijkheden (kansen op succes risico en falen).......................................58
5.4.3 Component 3: doelstellingen.............................................................................................................................................58
5.4.4 Component 4: voorbereiding.............................................................................................................................................59
5.4.5 Component 5: uitvoering...................................................................................................................................................59
5.4.6 Component 6: resultaatevaluatie......................................................................................................................................59
5.4.7 Component 7: oorzakelijke attributie................................................................................................................................59
5.4.8 Component 8: permanent leerproces................................................................................................................................59
5.5 Meten van faalangst.................................................................................................................................................................60
5.5.1 Examen Toets Attitude Vragenlijst ETAV...........................................................................................................................60
5.5.2 De vragenlijst aangaande Studie en examenvaardigheden VaSEV....................................................................................60
5.5.3 Enkele bemerkingen...........................................................................................................................................................60
5.6 Hoe omgaan met faalangst......................................................................................................................................................60
5.6.1 Anders leren denken..........................................................................................................................................................60
5.6.2 Helpen omgaan met lichamelijke spanning.......................................................................................................................62
5.6.3 Faalangsttraining in groep..................................................................................................................................................62
5.6.4 Ouders en faalangst...........................................................................................................................................................63
6 Motivatie............................................................................................................................................................................ 63
6.1 Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................................................................63
6.2 Motivatie: een breed begrip......................................................................................................................................................63
6.2.1 Definiëring van het begrip motivatie.................................................................................................................................63
6.2.2 Hoe werkt motivatie?.........................................................................................................................................................63
6.2.3 Motief en motivatie...........................................................................................................................................................63
6.2.4 Motivatie en prestatie........................................................................................................................................................63
6.3 Doelen van de gemotiveerde persoon.......................................................................................................................................63
6.3.1 De behoeftehiërarchie van Maslow...................................................................................................................................63
6.4 Motivatieprocessen...................................................................................................................................................................63
6.4.1 De Prestatiemotivatie theorie van Atkinson......................................................................................................................63
6.4.2 Extrinsieke motivatie en intrinsieke motivatie..................................................................................................................63
6.4.3 De Zelf-Determinatie Theorie (ZDT; Deci & Ryan, 2000)...................................................................................................63
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