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Samenvatting Economie (Micro 12/20 en Macro 18/20)
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Samenvatting Economie (Micro en Macro)Inhoudsopgave
MICRO-ECONOMIE ........................................................................................................................................... 4
0.0.ECONOMIE VANDAAG (INLEIDING)........................................................................................................................ 4
0.1.Het doel van de economische wetenschap. ............................................................................................. 4
0.2.Welvaart en Welzijn ................................................................................................................................ 4
0.3.Soorten Goederen. ................................................................................................................................... 4
0.3.Soorten goederen .................................................................................................................................... 5
0.4.Consumptie en productie ......................................................................................................................... 5
0.5.De methode ............................................................................................................................................. 6
0.6.Ceteris-paribusclausule ............................................................................................................................ 6
Micro-, Meso- en macro-economie................................................................................................................ 6
1.0.CONSUMENTEN ................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.1.Keuze v/d optimale goederencombinatie. ............................................................................................... 7
1.1.1.Preferenties .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Eerste wet van Grossem ................................................................................................................................ 7
1.1.2.Budget en Prijzen .................................................................................................................................. 8
1.2.De (Prijs)Vraagcurve .............................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.2.Beweging langs de individuele vraagcurve. ........................................................................................ 10
1.1.3.Verschuiving van de individuele vraagcurve ....................................................................................... 11
Veranderingen in de prijs van andere goederen .......................................................................................... 11
1.2.4 De collectieve of marktvraagcurve ..................................................................................................... 12
1.3.Elasticeit van de vraag ........................................................................................................................... 13
1.3.1Prijselasticiteit van de vraag ................................................................................................................ 13
Effect op de omzet. ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Regels .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
1.3.2.Kruiselingse prijselasticiteit van de vraag........................................................................................... 16
Formule: ....................................................................................................................................................... 16
Tekenonderzoek ........................................................................................................................................... 16
Wet Van Engel ............................................................................................................................................. 17
Formule ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
Tekenverloop ............................................................................................................................................... 17
Inferieure goederen ..................................................................................................................................... 17
0.2 PRODUCENTEN................................................................................................................................................ 18
2.1 Bepaling van de optimale productiegrootte .......................................................................................... 18
2.2 Wet van de toe- en afnemende meeropbrengst .................................................................................... 18
2.3 Kostenverloop ........................................................................................................................................ 19
2.3.3 De totale kosten (TK) .......................................................................................................................... 20
2.3.4 De gemiddelde en marginale kosten .................................................................................................. 20
2.4 Opbrengsten .......................................................................................................................................... 21
2.5 De optimale productiegrootte bij volkomen concurrentie (=evenwicht van de producent) .................. 22
2.6 Afleiding van de aanbodcurve bij volkomen concurrentie ..................................................................... 23
2.6.1 Individuele A-curve ............................................................................................................................. 23
2.6.2 Beweging langs de individuele A-Curve .............................................................................................. 23
2.6.3 Verschuiving van de individuele A-curve............................................................................................. 24
2.6.4 De collectieve of marktaanbodcurve .................................................................................................. 24
2.7 Breakevevenanalyse .............................................................................................................................. 24
Breakevenafzet (Qbe) .................................................................................................................................. 24
2.8 Prijselasticiteit van het aanbod ............................................................................................................. 25
, Unitair Prijselastisch aanbod (Ea+1) ............................................................................................................ 25
Prijselastastisch aanbod (Ea> +1) ................................................................................................................ 25
Prijsinelastisch aanbod (Ea<1) ..................................................................................................................... 25
Volkomen prijsinelastisch aanbod (Ea=0) .................................................................................................... 25
Volkomen prijselastisch aanbod (Ea = + oneindig) ...................................................................................... 25
Beïnvloedende factoren prijselasticiteit van het aanbod............................................................................. 26
3.0 PRIJSVORMING ................................................................................................................................................ 26
3.1 Markt en marktvormen ......................................................................................................................... 26
3.2 Volkomen concurrentie .......................................................................................................................... 26
MACRO-ECONOMIE ........................................................................................................................................ 28
0.4.0 MACRO-ECONOMISCHE GROOTHEDEN .............................................................................................................. 28
Herhaling begrippen .................................................................................................................................... 28
4.1De economische kringloop ...................................................................................................................... 28
0.5 NATIONAAL INKOMEN EN WERKGELEGENHEID ....................................................................................................... 29
5.2.1 Aanbod van de arbeidskrachten ......................................................................................................... 29
Beroepsbevolking schematisch .................................................................................................................... 29
5.2.2 Vraag naar arbeidskrachten ............................................................................................................... 29
5.2.3 Evolutie werkloosheid ......................................................................................................................... 29
BELANGRIJKSTE FORMULES ......................................................................................................................... 30
5.2.4 Werkloosheid: soorten en oorzaken ................................................................................................... 31
5.2.5 Bestrijding van de werkloosheid ......................................................................................................... 31
PRINCIPE BELGISCHE LOONINDEXERING ...................................................................................................................... 32
0.6.0 GELD, MONETAIR BELEID EN INFLATIE ............................................................................................................... 33
6.1.1 Het geld .............................................................................................................................................. 33
Vraag naar aanbod van geld ....................................................................................................................... 34
Monetaire Evenwicht= ................................................................................................................................. 35
Ruil of verkeersvergelijking van Fisher ......................................................................................................... 36
6.2 Monetaire politiek van het eursosysteem.............................................................................................. 36
6.2.1 Doelstellingen en taken ...................................................................................................................... 37
6.2.1Doelstellingen en taken NCB................................................................................................................ 37
6.2.2 Monetaire beleidsinstrumenten ......................................................................................................... 37
6.3 Het Inflatieverschijnsel........................................................................................................................... 38
6.3.2Oorzaken van inflatie ........................................................................................................................... 38
6.3.3.Gevolgen van Inflatie .......................................................................................................................... 38
6.3.4 Bestrijden van inflatie ......................................................................................................................... 39
6.3.6 Deflatie ............................................................................................................................................... 39
7.0 INTERNATIONAAL BETALINGSVERKEER.................................................................................................................. 40
7.1 De wisselmarkt ...................................................................................................................................... 40
Aan- en verkoopkoers .................................................................................................................................. 40
7.1.2 De hoogte van de wisselkoers ............................................................................................................. 40
Ontstaan van de wisselkoers ....................................................................................................................... 41
Factoren die de vraag naar en het aanbod van vreemde valuta’s bepalen................................................. 42
7.1.3 Wisselkoerssystemen .......................................................................................................................... 44
Devaluatie .................................................................................................................................................... 44
Succes van de devaluatie ............................................................................................................................. 45
7.1.6 Naar een sterke economische en monetaire unie (NIET KENNEN) ................................................... 46
7.2 De betalingsBalans ................................................................................................................................ 48
7.3 Mondiale samenwerking: internationaal betalingsverkeer ................................................................... 48
7.3.2 De wereldbank .................................................................................................................................... 49
7.4 Internationale beleidscoördinatie .......................................................................................................... 49
HOOFDSTUK 8 INTERNATIONAAL HANDELSVERKEER DEEL I ............................................................................................ 50
8.1 Betekenis en beschrijving van het Belgisch handelsverkeer .................................................................. 50
8.1.2 Buitenlandse handel van België 2016-2019 ........................................................................................ 51
8.2 Werking van het systeem van vrij internationaal handelsverkeer ......................................................... 51
8.2.3 Voordelen internationale vrijhandel: .................................................................................................. 51
8.2.4 Ongebreidelde vrijhandel of toch niet?............................................................................................... 52
, 8.3 Handelspolitiek ...................................................................................................................................... 53
8.3.1 Tarifaire belemmeringen: Invloed op prijs .......................................................................................... 53
8.3.2 Niet-tarifaire belemmeringen: Geen invloed op prijs ......................................................................... 53
8.4 Mondiale samenwerking: internationaal handelsverkeer ..................................................................... 54
8.4.1 De Wereldhandelsorganisatie (WTO) ................................................................................................. 54
8.4.2 De United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (Unctad) ................................................ 54
8.4.3 De Organisatie voor Economische Samenwerking en Ontwikkeling (OESO) ...................................... 54
8.5 Vormen van economische integratie ..................................................................................................... 55
8.5.1 Vormen ............................................................................................................................................... 55
Brexit: 20 januari 2020 ................................................................................................................................ 56
8.6 Ontwikkelingslanden ............................................................................................................................. 57
Inkomensongelijkheid .................................................................................................................................. 57
8.6.5 Milleniumontwikkelingsdoelen van de VN → 2000-2015 ................................................................... 59
HOOFSTDUK 9 CONJUCTUUR, GROEI EN MILIEU EN DUURZAME ONTWIKKELING ................................................................. 60
9.1 De conjuctuur......................................................................................................................................... 60
Indicatoren van de economische groei ........................................................................................................ 61
Synthetische conjuctuurindicatoren ............................................................................................................ 61
Conjuctuurpolitiek........................................................................................................................................ 62
9.2 Economische groei ................................................................................................................................. 62
9.2.3 Voordelen economische groei ............................................................................................................. 62
Doel? ............................................................................................................................................................ 63
9.3 Milieu ..................................................................................................................................................... 63
Biologische capaciteit .................................................................................................................................. 63
Living planet Index ....................................................................................................................................... 63
9.3.2 Milieubeleid ........................................................................................................................................ 64
EPI (Environmental Performance Index) Internationaal Milieubeleid ......................................................... 64
Van Kyote naar akkoord van Parijs .............................................................................................................. 64
Climat Change Performance Index .............................................................................................................. 64
Europese klimaatdoelen en de ambitie van België ...................................................................................... 65
EU-klimaat plan 2030 .................................................................................................................................. 65
Doel 2050: Europa eerste klimaatneutraal continent.................................................................................. 65
9.4 DUURZAME ONTWIKKELING ...................................................................................................................... 66
Sustainable Society Index (SSI)..................................................................................................................... 66
HOOFDSTUK 10 DE OVERHEID ................................................................................................................................. 67
10.1 Overheidstussenkomst of niet? ............................................................................................................ 67
Bepalende determinanten van de vraag ..................................................................................................... 67
Bepalende determinanten van het aanbod ................................................................................................. 67
Vormen van overheidsinterventie ................................................................................................................ 67
10.2 DOELSTELLINGEN VAN DE ECONOMISCHE POLITIEK (KORTE TERMIJN) ....................................................................... 68
Doelstellingen van de economische politiek (Lange Termijn) ...................................................................... 68
Vormen economische politiek ...................................................................................................................... 68
10.4 DE OVERHEIDSFINANCIËN ................................................................................................................................ 69
10.4.1 Overheidsbegroting .......................................................................................................................... 69
Begrotingspricnipes ..................................................................................................................................... 69
10.4.2 Budgettair beleid (Fiscal Policy) ........................................................................................................ 69
Klassieke denkrichting ................................................................................................................................. 70
Keynesiaanse denkrichting .......................................................................................................................... 70
Visie van de aanbodeconomisten ................................................................................................................ 70
Vergrijzing .................................................................................................................................................... 70
Pensioenspijlers ........................................................................................................................................... 70
Kosten vergrijzing ........................................................................................................................................ 71
Antwoord op vergrijzing .............................................................................................................................. 71
2 Beleidstrategiën ........................................................................................................................................ 71
, Micro-Economie
0.0.Economie Vandaag (Inleiding)
0.1.Het doel van de economische wetenschap.
-Behoefte: Voelen van een tekort en streven om dit te bevredigen. (Subjectief Karakter)
• Primaire: Voeding, kleding, huisvesting
• Immateriële: Onderwijs, ontspanning
• Collectieve/Individuele: Onderwijs, wegen
-Schaarse middelen:
• De goederen en diensten waarover de consument beschikt maar die maar in
berperkte maat aanwezig zijn. → Waardeverschijnsel
-Nut:
• Goed of dienst kom slechts in aanmerking voor de bevrediging van een behoefte
voor iemand wanneer dit nuttig is voor deze persoon.
-Keuzeprobleem (Economisch Principe):
• Gezinnen
• Overheid
• Bedrijven
Economie:
• Studie van het menselijk streven naar bevrediging van behoeften met behulp van
schaarse middelen.
0.2.Welvaart en Welzijn
Welvaart:
• Mate waarin mensen met schaarse middelen in behoeften kunnen voorzien.
Welzijn:
• Ruim karakter
• Gevoel van ‘welbevinden’
• Bevrediging van verlangens.
0.3.Soorten Goederen.
Vrije Goederen:
• Overvloedig in de natuur aanwezig (Bv:Lucht)
• Niet schaarse goederen.
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