Summary for IB History Paper 1; The Move to Global War; German and Italian expansionism.
Perfect and complete notes that include all you need to succeed in Paper 1
ITALIAN EXPANSIONISM
Mussolini and fascist Italy
1. Mussolini and fascism
Effects of WWI Mussolini
- Economic and political divisions - Banned all the political parties and
- Unfulfilled promises opposition newspapers
- Financial debt - Outlawed labor unions
- Used violence and intimidation
Response to chaos and violence - Worked to gain support by the youth,
- Creation of the Black Shirts (Dec. 1923) Church and propaganda
2. Fascist foreign policy 1922-1934
Need for a cautious foreign policy Foreign policy was opportunist
- Economy was weak - Specially with weaker nations
- Dependence on trade with Britain, - Greece with the Corfu Incident (indemnity)
France and the US - Yugoslavia with Fiume (give up the city)
3. The Great Depression and Italy
Government expands control
➢ Italy relied on deficit spending to stimulate the economy
○ Military spending, increasing the size of the Army.
○ Government and consumer spending increased.
○ Employment increased.
➢ Italy had a healthy economy.
○ By the mid-1930s, Italy was prepared to act on its goals:
○ Less dependent on trade with other countries.
○ The government controled the industry and the economy.
Intimidation of Germany, July 1934
➢ - In 1934, Austria’s dictator was assassinated by Austrian Nazis → Threat to Italy
○ Austria bordered Italy
○ Italy worked with Britain and France to isolate Germany
○ Significant political and economic interests in this region
➢ Mussolini announced intentions to move Italian troops // Hitler’s army was weak
➢ Hitler did not intervene, Mussolni demonstrated his strengths
, THE ABYSSINIAN CRISIS
1. The Italian Empire
Desire of Abyssinia
Mussolini to built - Bordered the colonies of Eritrea and Somalilamd
a great power → - Had weak borders
- No economic opportunities, but Mussolini was interested in glory
2. The Wal-Wal Incident and war
➢ December 1934: Skirshed in Wal-Wal
➢ Two italian and 100 Abyssinian troops were killed
➢ Italy demanded an indemnity and an apology
➢ Abyssinia appealed to the League
○ Response: neither country was at fault
➢ Britain and France knew Italy’s plans, but did not want to risk their good relations
➢ October 1935: Italy invaded Abyssinia, quickly defeating Abyssinian troops
➢ Haile Selassie, Emperor of Abyssinia, escaped to Britain
➢ By 1936, Italy merged Abyssinia, Eritrea and Somaliland into one colony called Italian
East Africa
3. Responses to the Abyssinian Crisis
Abyssinia Italy League of Nations
- Violent - Economy more isolated - Condemned the invasion and voted to impose
repression - Strengthen ties with economic sanctions (Oct 1935), but did not
- Destruction Eastern and central Eur. impose them
of villages - Focused on - The League allowed the Emperor Selassie to
- Guerrilla rearmament speak
attacks but - Closer relations with - Italy withdrew
with no Germany. (Rome-Berlin Consequences for the League
impact Axis, Collapse of the - It had allowed the destruction of a member
Stressa F., declared not state
oppose German - Br. and Fr. were not concern with it
annexation of Austria) - Another important member left it
- Lost legitimacy in international affairs
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