JAPANESE EXPANSION IN EAST ASIA
THE IMPACT OF NATIONALISM AND MILITARISM ON FOREIGN POLICY
➢ Meiji Restoration (1867-1912). New government under Meiji. Rapid modernization
and industrialization.
The Meiji Constitution (1889) The rise of radical nationalism
- The emperor was a divine - Special mission
individual, head of state and - The Emperor was divine
supreme authority - Japan had never been conquered
- Parliament: the Diet. H. of - Long history of independence
Representatives (created laws) and - Most citizens were Japanese
H. of Peers (approved laws) - The only non-European state to win
a war against a European state
Education and loyalty to the state (Russo-Japanese War)
- Based on loyalty and value to the - Major industrial and military power
Emperor - A strong military was needed to
- Radical nationalism (similar to achieve the special mission
fascism)
MILITARISM AND FOREIGN POLICY
1. Militarism before the First World War
Korea
➢ Japan-Korea Treaty in 1876:
○ Korea was not longer a ○ No restrictions in trade
tributary of China ○ Japan took three ports
○ Japanese citizens could not
be arrested in Korean
camps
➢ Korea asked China for help (due to violence) and Japan declared the violation of the
Treaty. The First Sino-Japanese War began (December 1894)
,➢ FIRST SINO-JAPANESE WAR (1894-1895)
○ Seized the important ports of Port Arthur and Wihawei.
○ Captured islands near Taiwan.
○ Treaty of Shimonoseki (April 1895). Benefits for Japan:
■ Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula.
■ Permission to operate ships on the Yangtze River.
■ Factories and import goods at four Chinese ports.
■ Large indemnity paid by China.
○ Russia, Germany and France denounced the Treaty and demanded its
alteration. Tripartite Intervention.
■ Russia took Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur.
■ Germany gained control of the Shandong Peninsula and the port of
Weihaiwei.
■ Japan ruled Taiwan.
➢ RUSSIA
○ Japan’s primary challenger.
○ Tensions centered in Port Arthur and Liaodong Peninsula.
○ Japan began looking for allies.
○ Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1902
■ Concerned with Ryssian intent in China, Japan and Britain joined.
■ The alliance reassured Japan that a war with Russia would not expand
into a wider war with countries as those countries would then be at
war with Britain.
■ Japan could not provoke a war against Russia with confidence of
victory
○ The Russo Japanese War (1904-1905)
■ Tensions between Russia and Japan increased since the Tripartite
Intervention.
■ Russian actions in China and Korean provoked Japan.
■ Russia:
, ● Leased Port Arthur and parts of the Liaodong Peninsula from
China.
● Stationed warships in Port Arthur.
● Railway in Port Arthur to Russia through Manchuria.
● Pressured Korea for mining and forestry rights.
● Stationed a large army in Manchuria.
■ Diplomatic talk failed whtn Russia ignored Japan’s proposal of
establishing spheres of influence. The Russian ambassador was
expelled.
■ The war started afterwards:
● Japan attacked the Russian navy in Port Arthur in February
1904.
● Japan then invaded Korea and Manchuria.
● Port Arthur came under siege from the Japanese.
● December 1904: Japanese artillery destroyed the Russian fleet
in Port Arthur.
● Japan took control of Mukden.
● Japan destroyed Russia at the battle of Tsushima Straits.
● Japan occupied the Sakhalin Island.
● The 1905 Revolution broke out in Russia.
○ Treaty of Portsmouth 1905
■ The USA helped negotiations.
■ Terms of the treaty:
● Manchuria back to the Chinese.
● Japan leased Port Arthur and Liaodong Peninsula.
● Japan leased the Southern Manchurian Railway.
● Gave Japan the southern half of Sakhalin Island.
● Recognised Japan’s claim on Korea.
■ Japan received international benefits for its victory:
● International respect.
● Control of Korea in return for allowing the US the Philippines.
● British recognition of Japan’s control of Korea.
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