Class notes
PS2517 Clinical Psychology Notes (2º)
- Course
- Institution
Very descriptive notes, really useful if what you need is everything the Professor explained to then do your own schemas without missing anything.
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
neurosciencewithpsychologyAbdn
Reviews received
Content preview
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY NOTESLECTURE 1-Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 2
LECTURE 2-Introduction to diagnosis and classification ..................................................................... 7
LECTURE 3- Anxiety ........................................................................................................................... 13
LECTURE 4-Depression ...................................................................................................................... 20
LECTURE 5-Psychological treatment ................................................................................................. 25
,LECTURE 1-Introduction
“the humanity we all share is more important than the mental illness we may not” Elyn Saks (Kring et al., p281)
1-What is clinical psychology?
• Clinical Psychology – The branch of psychology responsible for
understanding and treating psychopathology (Davey, 2008)
• Psychopathology – the study of deviations from normal or
everyday psychological functioning (Davey, 2008).
Mental disorder is a quite complex concept to define where dysfunction
is not enough words since many of the mental disorders are yet to
understand. For Davey (2008), it is related to feeling distressed, out of
control and with affected functions that impair the ability to live life. Mental Disorder – Kring et al., 2013 chap 1
2-History of Psychopathology
We label behaviour as “mad”, “crazy” or “insane” if it appears unpredictable, irrational, harmful or deviates from accepted
contemporary norms. However, views about what causes “mad” behaviour and how this behaviour can be defined have changed
significantly over history.
2.1-Supernatural cause
Stats with the conception of all irrational or difficult to understand behaviour has a
supernatural cause.
2.2-Early biological approaches
With Hippocrates, mental disturbances might have a natural rather than
a supernatural cause.
2.3-Dark ages
The power of the church increased, declining influence of Roman and Greek civilisations and therefore returning the
supernatural model. It is the time of lunacy trials and witches persecutions.
2.4-Development of Asylums
Large buildings where people were grouped together in very harsh, dark
and dirty conditions.
Containment and separation from everyone else in society.
Benjamin Rush: one of the fathers of the American psychiatry. Considered that mental disorder
happened when there were too much blood going to the brain, so he treated people by drawing loads
of blood from them.
2.5-Pinel´s reforms and Moral Treatment
Pinel gets most of the credit but Pussin was
the one really pushing it.
Lost here of the humanitarian treatment.
,2.5-Early foundations
General paresis: physical (paralysis) and psychological symptoms
(delusions of grandiose).
The new focus. However, most of them were not treatments but left
people with different mental disorders.
To people with mental illness.
2.6-Psychological approaches
He used iron rods to adjust the distribution of universal magnetic fluid.
2.7-Current situation
Cheaper to reincorporate them to normal life trough
medication than keeping them in hospitals for the rest
of their lives.
Fulfilling life.
Growing interest in and discussion about mental health:
www.studentminds.org.uk www.seemescotland.org www.mind.org.uk @psychologymum
3-Models and frameworks
Four core models of psychological therapy most influential in UK clinical psychology practice.
Important to note that many UK clinical psychologist use an integrative approach, i.e., a combination of them (CBT+ aspects
of narrative therapy approach).
3.1-Behaviour therapy
Pavlov learnt in his experiments using dogs that eventually he was able to pair
the stimulus of ringing a bell with the response of the dog salivating because
initially, whenever the bell was rung, they were also given some food to eat. And
these this stimulus and response were associated together in a process called
classical conditioning.
Thorndike also proposed what's called operant conditioning, the idea that our behaviour is affected by positive and negative
reinforcement as well as by punishment. If we do a behaviour as humans and something positive happens, then we will tend to
repeat that behaviour again. Negative reinforcement is when we are able to scape unpleasant stimuli, which will also increase
, our behaviour: for example, a child who's in a very overstimulating environment might gradually learn that if they behave
badly, they will be taken away from the environment and taken somewhere much quieter.
. For example, if you had a
phobia of a dog, the classical
conditioning may occur when
the stimulus of the dog is
paired with an aversive stimuli
of being bitten by the dog,
chased by the dog, and then
that is maintained by operant
conditioning when the person then avoids dogs so they never get the chance to learn actually what happens when they interact
with dogs and their fear about dogs being harmful is maintained.
So, the behaviour therapy approach would argue that mental health symptoms are specific pieces of behaviour which have
occurred through “faulty learning”, and therefore, this maladaptive behaviour can be unlearnt using similar processes.
Exposure therapy: people trained to be able to stay in a room with the thing that they
are phobic about until eventually their anxiety comes down and they habituate to
the feared stimulus.
Behavioural activation: people are supported and trained to gradually increase their
activities and break the negative patterns and cycles which are maintaining their
depression.
3.2-Cognitive-Behavioural therapy
The cognitive behavioural
therapy approach makes links
between our emotions, our
behaviour and our cognitions,
which are all directly connected
so people can have negative
cycles that reinforce distress and psychological difficulties, or in therapy and
treatment, they can start to make positive changes that can help them exit these
cycles.
We develop these schemas at a very young age to our early experiences, and they
shape or filter how we view the world and how we interpret our experiences.
3.3-Psychodynamic therapy
The roots of this approach were in the medical profession and began
with the neurotic disorders, which were seen typically in in women
and really brought to prominence by Sigmund Freud although many
other names are also associated with the psychodynamic therapy
approaches.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller neurosciencewithpsychologyAbdn. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.93. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
64438 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now