Other
N5315 New Patho Module-5 Study Guide Cardiovascular Module 5
- Course
- Institution
N5315 New Patho Module-5 Study Guide Cardiovascular Module 5
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
HIGHSCORE
Reviews received
Content preview
N5315 Advanced PathophysiologyCardiovascular Module 5
Examine the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system.
Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology
1. Explain the cardiac structure and blood flow through the heart
chambers/valves.
- Heart wall: Pericardium- pericardial sac: prevents displacement of heart, barrier of
protection against infection/inflammation, contains pain receptors/mechanoreceptors
(changes BP/HR);
- Parietal pericardium: outer layer; mesothelium/ connective tissue; Visceral (epicardium):
inner layer of pericardium/outer layer of heart; folds to allow vessels to enter/leave heart
without breaching pericardial layers; helps contraction/relaxation of heart with minimal
friction of pericardium;
- pericardial fluid: lubricates membranes to decrease friction with heart beats (approx. 20
mL)
- Myocardium: thickest layer; cardiac muscle/anchored to fibrous skeleton
(enlarges with LVH); internal lining of myocardium- endocardium: connective
tissue/squamous cells; lines vessels as well- creates continual closed circulatory
system
- Heart chambers- Right heart- low-pressure pumping to lungs; Left heart- high-pressure
pumping to body
- Atria: smaller/thinner walls (1-2 mm thick) because lower pressure/resistance
- Ventricles: thicker myocardial layer (bulk of the heart- RV is 4-5 mm thick; LV is
12-15 mm thick); made of muscle fibers from fibrous skeleton of base of heart;
thicker because need to be stronger to pump blood against greater resistance;
RV pumps against mean pulmonary capillary pressure (15 mmHg);
- LV pumps against mean arterial pressure (92 mmHg) which makes LV thicker;
RV crescent/triangle shaped to help propel blood through pulmonary valve to
lungs;
- LV bullet shaped to help propel blood through aortic valve to body
- Inflow tract: receives blood from atrium
- Outflow tract: sends blood to circulation
- Blood should not flow between right and left sides of heart unless in utero
before being born- foramen ovale (closes right after birth, normally)
- Septum separates right and left heart
1
,- Heart valves: blood should only flow one way through the heart, valves help maintain
the correct flow- valves open and close at appropriate times to prevent backflow
- Atrioventricular valves- open when ventricles relaxed: blood flows from atria to
ventricles; when ventricular pressure increases, valves shut; leaflets are attached
to fibrous skeleton at upper end and papillary muscles at lower end by chordae
tendineae; papillary muscles prevent prolapse
● Tricuspid- between right atrium and right ventricle; has 3 cusps; largest
diameter of opening
● Mitral- between left atrium and left ventricle; cone-shaped funnel
● Mitral and tricuspid complex- atrium, fibrous rings, valvular tissue,
chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and ventricular walls; damage to
any of the six can alter the function significantly
- Semilunar valves- open when ventricular pressure higher, blood flows to
systemic and pulmonary circulation; valves close after ventricular contraction to
prevent backflow
● Pulmonic- between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
● Aortic- between left ventricle and aorta
- Superior vena cava/inferior vena cava- deoxygenated blood from veins flow through
these to to right atrium
- Pulmonary artery- transports deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the pulmonary
circulation; branch into the pulmonary capillaries to obtain oxygen/release carbon
dioxide
- Pulmonary vein- carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium;
- Blood flow- diastole: relaxation; blood fills ventricles; systole: contraction; blood flows
out of ventricles to pulmonary/system circulation
- Systemic blood (deoxygenated) from veins enters superior/inferior vena cava ->
right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle (diastole)-> pulmonary valve ->
pulmonary artery -> lungs (picks up oxygen and drops CO2) -> pulmonary vein ->
left atrium -> mitral valve -> left ventricle (systole) -> aortic valve -> aorta -> back
to systemic circulation through arteries (oxygenated blood)
- Deoxygenated blood travels from the body through the superior vena cava into the
right atrium. Blood goes from the RIGHT ATRIA through the TRICUSPID valve into the
RIGHT VENTRICLE. Blood is pumped through the PULMONARY ARTERY to the lugs
where is picks up oxygen. Then, back through the PULMONARY VEIN to the LEFT
ATRIA. From the atrium, through the MITRAL (BICUSPID) VALVE to the LEFT
VENTRICLE. The oxygenated blood goes through the aortic valve into the aorta then
through the body.
2
, 2. Describe which coronary arteries provide blood to which part of the heart.
Right Coronary Artery (RCA): Branches into 3
● Conus: Blood to the upper right ventricle
● Right Marginal Branch: Traverses R ventricle to the apex; supplies smaller
branches to both surfaces of the R ventricle
● Posterior Descending Branch: Lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus and
supplies smaller branches to both ventricles
Left Coronary Artery (LCA): Branches into 2
● Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD): Delivers blood to portions of left and right
ventricles and much of the interventricular septum
● Circumflex Artery: Travels in a groove called the Coronary Sulcus (separates the
left atrium and ventricle) Supplies blood to the left atrium and the lateral wall of
the left ventricle
Collateral Arteries:
● Functional importance is that they protect the heart from ischemia; they supply
blood and oxygen to the myocardium that has been deprived of oxygen following
narrowing of a major coronary artery (Coronary Artery Disease)
3. Analyze the process of cardiac action potentials.
● Ventricular Action Potential generated from Bundle of His or Purkinji Fibers,
5 phases.
○ Resting membrane potential is ~-85mV.
○ Phase 0: Rapid depolarization (less negative) of the cell. Na+ influx as the
result of voltage gated Na+ channels opening
○ Phase 1: Initial repolarization (more negative) of the cells. Voltage gates
Na+ channels are closed, voltage gages K+ channels being to open and
K+ leaves the cell.
○ Phase 2: Plateau change. Ca+ channels open, influx of Ca+ into the cells.
This balances out K+ efflux thus causing a temporary plateau in
repolarization. Influx of Ca+ triggers release of more calcium from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum and thus massive myocardial contraction.
○ Phase 3: Rapid repolarization with massive K+ efflux. Voltage gated K+
channels open, voltage gated Ca+ close, causes rapid repolarization.
○ Phase 4: Resting membrane potential of -85mV. High potassium
permeability from potassium channels.
● SA & AV Node Generation
○ 3 Phases
○ Phase 0: Depolarization from the opening of voltage gated Ca+ channels.
Voltage gated Na+ are inactivated. *Slow conduction of the impulse which
is used by the AV node to prolong transmission from the atria to the
ventricles*
○ Phase 3: Repolarization, from the closure of the voltage gated Ca+
channels, opening of voltage gated K+ channels.
3
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller HIGHSCORE. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $15.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75057 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now