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Basic Human Physiology
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Lecture notes of 45 pages for the course Science for Medicine at Aberd
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Science for Medicine – ME2013Contents
Page 1 – Health and Disease Page 40 - Blood
Page 2 – Scientific Method and Homeostasis Page 43 – Foundations in Immunology
Page 3 – Life at the molecular level
Page 4- Molecules of Life
Page 5 – The Cell
Page 6 - Water
Page 7 – Forces acting across Membranes
Page 10 - Tissues
Page 13 - Skin
Page 15 - Bones
Page 16 - Proteins
Page 18 - Enzymes
Page 20 - Carbohydrates
Page 24 – Introduction to imaging
Page 25 – Terminal Respiration
Page 27 - Lipids
Page 29 - Nitrogen
Page 31 – How nerves work
Page 34 - Muscles
Page 36 – Essential Pharmacology
Page 37 – Sensory Receptors
Page 38 - Reflexes
Page 39 – Autonomic Physiology
,Health and Disease
Define Aetiology and Pathogenesis
Aetiology – Cause of disease
Pathogenesis - How the disease develops
Define signs and symptoms
Signs – What the doctor sees
Symptoms – What the patient tells you
Define diagnosis and prognosis
Diagnosis - Determining the nature and cause of disease or injury
Prognosis – A prediction of the probable outcome of the disease
Classification of disease
Growth
Unnatural
Degenerative
Developmental
Inflammation
Circulatory
Scientific method and Homeostasis
Explain the importance in maintaining the consistency of the internal environment
The body needs the ECF to be maintained in a state compatible with the survival of the
individual cells.
o 80% of ECF is ISF
o 20% is Plasma
Describe the principles between negative feedback control systems
, Any change in temperature etc is detected by receptors, which is fed to an integrating centre
and compared to a reference level. If there is a difference, a signal is sent to an effector and
the change is negated. The magnitude of the error signal is proportional to the size of the
response and the deviation.
Explain what is meant by feed forward control
Feed forward control is a more sophisticated version of negative feedback, where more
sensors are involved and therefore, changes can be anticipated before significant changes
occur. E.g. Our skin detects minor changes in temp. before our core temp. is affected.
Identify the different body fluid compartments
Plasma
Plasma
33% Body water ECF
Interstitial Fluid
66% Body Water ICF
ICF
Life at the molecular level
Briefly describe life processes in terms of the Laws of Thermodynamics
Energy can be converted from one form to another, but not created or destroyed.
All energy transformations ultimately lead to more entropy in the universe.
This is true for living organisms, even though the processes create more order, the heat
created is released into the universe, creating more entropy there.
Explain that life processes occur in a dynamic steady state
In biological reaction pathways, products from one, are used in the next pathway, and so are
unable to reach equilibrium. Food is supplied and waste is removed in a continuous state.
This is called a “Dynamic Steady State”. It allows the entropy produced to be used in the
construction of higher order compunds.
Define Metabolism, Anabolism and Catabolism and describe, in outline, how they are
interdependent.
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