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Histologie volledige samenvatting!
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Ik heb onder het vak Algemene cel- en weefselleer histologie volledig samengevat! Er staan voldoende foto's bij als verduidelijking van de leerstof
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Histologie2020-2021
AMÉLIE ROMBOUTS
,Inhoudsopgave
Algemene histologie ......................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Inleiding tot de algemene histologie ....................................................................................................... 4
2. Epithelen ................................................................................................................................................. 4
1. Algemene kenmerken ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. Epitheelcel ................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 Cytoskelet ........................................................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Celpolariteit en celdomeinspecialisaties ......................................................................................... 5
a. Apicale domein ................................................................................................................................ 6
b. Laterale domein .............................................................................................................................. 6
c. Basale domein ................................................................................................................................. 6
3. Indeling van de epithelen .......................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 Bedekkende epithelen .................................................................................................................... 7
a. Functies ........................................................................................................................................... 7
b. Indeling van de bedekkende epithelen ........................................................................................... 7
3.2 Klierepithelen ................................................................................................................................ 12
a. Functies ......................................................................................................................................... 12
b. Indeling van de exocriene klieren ................................................................................................. 13
c. Indeling van de endocriene klieren ............................................................................................... 15
3.3 Gespecialiseerde epithelen ........................................................................................................... 15
3. Bindweefsel .......................................................................................................................................... 15
1. Algemene kenmerken ............................................................................................................................. 15
2. Extracellulaire matrix .............................................................................................................................. 17
2.1 Grondsubstantie ............................................................................................................................ 17
a. Proteoglycanes .............................................................................................................................. 17
b. Glycoproteïnen .............................................................................................................................. 18
2.2 Bindweefselvezels ......................................................................................................................... 18
a. Collageen ....................................................................................................................................... 18
b. Elastische vezels ............................................................................................................................ 19
2.3 Weefselvloeistof ............................................................................................................................ 20
3. Classificatie van bindweefsel .................................................................................................................. 21
4. Bindweefsel strictu sensu ........................................................................................................................ 21
4.1 Bindweefselcellen ......................................................................................................................... 21
a. Vaste cellen: fibroblasten en fibrocyten ....................................................................................... 22
b. Vaste cellen: mestcellen ................................................................................................................ 23
c. Macrofagen ................................................................................................................................... 23
d. Vrije cellen: plasmacellen .............................................................................................................. 23
e. Vrije cellen: leukocyten ................................................................................................................. 24
4.2 Indeling van bindweefsel s.s.......................................................................................................... 24
a. Losmazig bindweefsel ................................................................................................................... 24
b. Dicht bindweefsel .......................................................................................................................... 24
4.3 Bindweefsel met specifieke eigenschappen ................................................................................. 25
a. Vetweefsel ..................................................................................................................................... 25
b. Elastisch bindweefsel .................................................................................................................... 25
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, c. Mucoïd bindweefsel ...................................................................................................................... 26
d. Reticulair bindweefsel ................................................................................................................... 26
5. Kraakbeen ............................................................................................................................................... 26
5.1 Algemeen ...................................................................................................................................... 26
5.2 Extracellulaire kraakbeenmatrix ................................................................................................... 26
a. Stevigheid ...................................................................................................................................... 26
b. Veerkacht ...................................................................................................................................... 26
5.3 Kraakbeencellen: chrondroblasten en chondrocyten ................................................................... 27
5.4 Perichondrium ............................................................................................................................... 27
5.5 Histogenese, groei, degeneratie en regeneratie ........................................................................... 28
5.6 Indeling in kraakbeentypen ........................................................................................................... 29
a. Hyalien kraakbeen ......................................................................................................................... 29
b. Elastisch kraakbeen ....................................................................................................................... 29
c. Vezelig kraakbeen ......................................................................................................................... 30
6. Bot........................................................................................................................................................... 30
6.1 Extracellulaire botmatrix (‘levend’) ............................................................................................... 31
a. Organische component ................................................................................................................. 31
b. Anorganische component (‘niet levend’) ...................................................................................... 31
6.2 Botcellen: osteoblasten, osteocyten en osteoclasten................................................................... 31
a. Osteoclasten .................................................................................................................................. 32
6.3 Periost en endost .......................................................................................................................... 33
6.4 Indeling van botweefsel ................................................................................................................ 34
a. Uitzicht .......................................................................................................................................... 34
................................................................................................................................................................ 35
b. Botvorming .................................................................................................................................... 35
6.5 Vorming van beenderen ................................................................................................................ 36
a. Diktegroei van lange pijpbeenderen ............................................................................................. 36
b. Lengtegroei van lange pijpbeenderen ........................................................................................... 37
c. Botvorming tijdens de ontwikkeling: vorming van een lang pijpbeen .......................................... 38
d. Botvorming tijdens de ontwikkeling: vorming van een plat bot ................................................... 39
e. Hermodellering van compact bot ................................................................................................. 39
f. Botfracturen en fractuurgenezing ................................................................................................. 39
6.6 Gewrichten .................................................................................................................................... 39
a. Synarthroidale gewrichten of synarthrosen .................................................................................. 40
b. Diarthroidale gewrichten .............................................................................................................. 40
4. Spierweefsel ......................................................................................................................................... 40
1. Algemene kenmerken ............................................................................................................................. 40
2. Contractie:interactie tussen actine en myosine ...................................................................................... 41
2.1 Actine ............................................................................................................................................ 41
2.2 Myosine ......................................................................................................................................... 41
2.3 interactie tussen actine en myosine ............................................................................................. 42
3. Dwarstgestreept skeletspierweefsel ....................................................................................................... 42
3.1 Organisatie van actine en myosine in de skeletspiercel: myofilamenten, sarcomeren en
myofibrillen ................................................................................................................................................. 42
3.2 Opbouw van een skeletspiercel .................................................................................................... 43
3.3 Koppeling tussen excitatie en contractie van de skeletspiercel .................................................... 45
3.4 Contractie van de skeletspier ........................................................................................................ 46
3.5 Skeletspiertypen ............................................................................................................................ 47
a. Snelle spiervezels/witte spiervezels .............................................................................................. 47
b. Trage spiervezels/rode spiervezels ............................................................................................... 47
c. Intermediaire vezels ...................................................................................................................... 47
3.6 Regeneratie(=herstelling) van dwarsgestreepte skeletspiercellen ............................................... 48
3.7 Opbouw van dwarsgestreept skeletspierweefsel ......................................................................... 48
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, 3.8 Controle van de activiteit van volledige spieren: de proprioceptoren .......................................... 49
4. Hartspierweefsel ..................................................................................................................................... 50
4.1 Opbouw van een hartspiercel ....................................................................................................... 50
4.2 Hartspiercellen vormen een contractiel geheel: focus op de intercalaire schijven ...................... 50
4.3 Opbouw van het hart .................................................................................................................... 51
4.4 Regeneratie van hartspiercellen ................................................................................................... 51
5. Glad spierweefsel .................................................................................................................................... 52
5.1 De ‘gladde’ spiercel: specifieke organisatie van actine- en myosine ............................................ 52
5.2 Contractie van de gladde spiercel ................................................................................................. 53
5.3 Controle van de gladde spiercel contractie ................................................................................... 54
5.4 Organisatie van gladde spiercellen in ‘glad spierweefsel .............................................................. 55
5.5 Hypertrofie en regeneratie ........................................................................................................... 55
5. Zenuwweefsel ....................................................................................................................................... 55
1. Neuronen ................................................................................................................................................ 56
1.1 Indeling van neuronen .................................................................................................................. 56
1.2 Structurele kenmerken van neuronen .......................................................................................... 58
a. Neuronaal cellichaam (perikaryon) ............................................................................................... 58
b. Dendrieten ......................................................................................................................................... 59
c. Axonen ............................................................................................................................................... 59
1.3 Signaaloverdracht, prikkeloverdracht en geleiding ....................................................................... 60
a. Signaaloverdracht: synapsen......................................................................................................... 60
b. Prikkeloverdracht en prikkelgeleiding ........................................................................................... 62
2. Steuncellen .............................................................................................................................................. 63
2.1 Steuncellen van het perifeer zenuwstelsel ................................................................................... 64
a. Cellen van Schwann....................................................................................................................... 64
b. Satellietcellen ................................................................................................................................ 66
2.2 Steuncellen van het centraal zenuwstelsel: gliacellen .................................................................. 66
a. Microganglia .................................................................................................................................. 66
b. Astrocyten ..................................................................................................................................... 67
c. Oligodendrocyten .......................................................................................................................... 67
d. Ependymcellen .............................................................................................................................. 68
3. Organisatie van het centraal zenuwweefsel ........................................................................................... 68
3.1 Ruggenmerg .................................................................................................................................. 68
3.2 Grote hersenen ............................................................................................................................. 70
3.3 Kleine hersenen ............................................................................................................................. 71
a. Purkinje-cellaag ............................................................................................................................. 71
b. Moleculaire laag ............................................................................................................................ 71
c. De korrelcellaag ............................................................................................................................. 71
d. Functies van de cellen ................................................................................................................... 73
3.4 Afscherming van het CZS t.o.v. de rest van het lichaam ............................................................... 74
a. Hersenvliezen of meninges ........................................................................................................... 74
b. De bloed-hersenbarrière ............................................................................................................... 75
c. Plexus Choroideus en cerebrospinaal vocht ................................................................................. 75
4. Organisatie van het perifeer zenuwstelsel .............................................................................................. 76
4.1 Perifere zenuwen .......................................................................................................................... 76
4.2 Ganglia........................................................................................................................................... 77
5. Organisatie van het autonoom zenuwstelsel .......................................................................................... 77
6. Organisatie van het somatisch zenuwstelsel (SZS) ................................................................................. 78
7. Degeneratie en regeneratie .................................................................................................................... 78
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