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Samenvatting Cytologie volledig samengevat
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Ik heb onder het vak Algemene cel- en weefselleer cytologie volledig samengevat! Er staan voldoende foto's bij als verduidelijking van de leerstof
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2021Cytologie
CEL EN WEEFSELLEER
AMÉLIE ROMBOUTS
,Inhoudsopgave
1. Inleiding in cytologie ............................................................................................................................... 5
2. Nucleus ................................................................................................................................................... 7
1. Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................... 7
2. Opslag van genetisch materiaal in de nucleus .......................................................................................... 7
3. Nucleolus................................................................................................................................................... 9
3. Kernenvelop ............................................................................................................................................ 10
3.1 binnenste kernmembraan ............................................................................................................. 10
3.2 Buitenste kernmembraan ............................................................................................................. 11
3.3 Poriën ............................................................................................................................................ 11
4. Transport tussen cytosol en nucleus ....................................................................................................... 12
4.1 Transport van cytosol naar de kern (=nucleair import) ................................................................ 12
4.2 Transport van kern naar cytosol (= nucleair export) ..................................................................... 13
3. Celorganellen ........................................................................................................................................ 13
1. Ribosomen .............................................................................................................................................. 13
1.1 Cellulaire eiwitsynthese ................................................................................................................ 13
a. Translatie ....................................................................................................................................... 14
2. Het endoplasmatisch reticulum .............................................................................................................. 15
2.1 Ruw endoplasmatisch reticulum ................................................................................................... 16
a. Integrale eiwitten .......................................................................................................................... 17
2.2 Glad endoplasmatisch reticulum ................................................................................................... 17
3. Het golgi-complex ................................................................................................................................... 18
3.1 Functie Golgi-complex ................................................................................................................... 18
4. Endosomen ............................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1 Vroege endosomen ....................................................................................................................... 20
4.2 Multivesiculaire lichaampjes ......................................................................................................... 21
4.3 Late endosomen ............................................................................................................................ 21
5. Lysosomen .............................................................................................................................................. 22
5.1 Herkomst van een lysosoom ........................................................................................................ 22
a. Vorming vesikel ............................................................................................................................. 22
5.2 ontstaan lysosoom uit hydrolase-vesikel ...................................................................................... 23
6. Extracellulaire vesikels ............................................................................................................................ 24
7. Vesiculair transport ................................................................................................................................. 25
7.1 Mechanismen van vesiculair transport ......................................................................................... 25
a. Afsplitsen van vesikels ................................................................................................................... 25
b. Fusioneren van vesikels................................................................................................................. 26
8. Endocytose .............................................................................................................................................. 27
8.1 Pinocytose ..................................................................................................................................... 27
8.2 Fagocytose..................................................................................................................................... 28
9. Exocytose ................................................................................................................................................ 28
9.1 Constitutieve exocytotische pathway ........................................................................................... 29
9.2 Gereguleerde exocytotische pathway ........................................................................................... 29
10. Mitochondriën .................................................................................................................................... 31
10.1 Ontstaan van mitochondriën ........................................................................................................ 32
10.2 Eiwitimport in mitochondriën ....................................................................................................... 32
10.3 Mitochondriën produceren grote hoeveelheden ATP .................................................................. 34
1
, 10.4 Eigenschappen van de structuren binnen een mitochondrion ..................................................... 35
a. Buitenste mitochondriale membraan ........................................................................................... 35
b. Binnenste mitochondriale membraan .......................................................................................... 35
c. Mitochondriale matrix .................................................................................................................. 35
11. Perixomen .......................................................................................................................................... 36
11.1 Vorming peroxisomen ................................................................................................................... 36
4. Het cytoskelet ....................................................................................................................................... 37
1. Microtubuli.............................................................................................................................................. 38
1.1 Groei en afbraak van microtubuli ................................................................................................. 38
a. Dynamische instabiliteit ................................................................................................................ 39
1.2 Microtubuli-geassocieerde eiwitten ............................................................................................. 39
1.3 Microtubuli-bindende eiwitten ..................................................................................................... 40
1.4 Functioneel voorkomen van microtubuli ...................................................................................... 40
a. Centrosoom ................................................................................................................................... 40
b. Cilia en flagellen ................................................................................................................................. 41
2. Microfilamenten ..................................................................................................................................... 41
2.1 Groei en afbraak van microfilamenten ......................................................................................... 42
2.2 Microfilament-geassocieerde eiwitten ......................................................................................... 42
a. Cofiline .......................................................................................................................................... 42
b. Profiline ......................................................................................................................................... 42
2.3 Microfilament-bindende eiwitten ................................................................................................. 43
2.4 Functioneel voorkomen van microfilamenten .............................................................................. 43
3. Intermediaire filamenten ........................................................................................................................ 45
3.1 Intermediair filament-bindende eiwitten ..................................................................................... 46
3.2 Functioneel voorkomen van intermediaire filamenten ................................................................ 46
5. Cytoplasma insluitsels ........................................................................................................................... 47
1. Lipiden..................................................................................................................................................... 47
2. Glycogeen ............................................................................................................................................... 47
3. Eiwitten ................................................................................................................................................... 48
4. Pigmenten ............................................................................................................................................... 48
4.1 Endogene pigmenten .................................................................................................................... 48
a. Melanine ....................................................................................................................................... 48
b. Lipofuscine .................................................................................................................................... 49
c. Hemosiderine ................................................................................................................................ 49
4.2 Exogene pigmenten ....................................................................................................................... 49
6. Plasmamembraan ................................................................................................................................. 50
1. Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................. 50
2. Opbouw van membranen ....................................................................................................................... 50
2.1 Lipiden dubbellaag ........................................................................................................................ 50
2.2 Membraaneiwitten ....................................................................................................................... 52
2.3 De plasmamembraan is bedekt met koolhydraten ....................................................................... 52
3. Actief en passief membraantransport ter hoogt van de plasmamembraan........................................... 53
3.1 Passief membraantransport .......................................................................................................... 54
a. Diffusie .......................................................................................................................................... 54
b. Osmose .......................................................................................................................................... 54
c. Filtratie .......................................................................................................................................... 55
d. Gefaciliteerde diffusie ......................................................................................................................... 55
3.2 Actief membraantransport............................................................................................................ 55
a. Ionenpomp .................................................................................................................................... 55
2
, 4. Celjuncties ............................................................................................................................................... 56
4.1 Celadhesiemoleculen (CAMs) ........................................................................................................ 56
a. Cadherines (Ca2+-afhankelijke) ...................................................................................................... 56
b. Selectines (Ca2+-afhankelijke) ........................................................................................................ 57
c. Integrines (Ca2+-afhankelijke en Mg2+-afhankelijke) ..................................................................... 58
d. Ig superfamilie Ca2+-onafhankelijke .............................................................................................. 59
4.2 Celverbindingen ............................................................................................................................ 59
a. Afsluitende verbindingen .............................................................................................................. 59
b. Hechtingsverbindingen ................................................................................................................. 60
c. Communicatieveverbindingen ...................................................................................................... 62
5. Apicale celdifferentiaties......................................................................................................................... 62
5.1 Microvilli en stereocilia ................................................................................................................. 62
5.2 Cilia en flagellen ............................................................................................................................ 63
a. Cilia ................................................................................................................................................ 63
b. Flagellen ........................................................................................................................................ 64
6. Signaaltransductie, receptoren en communicatie .................................................................................. 64
6.1 Algemene principes van cel communicatie ........................................................................................... 64
6.2 Intercellulaire signaaloverdracht .................................................................................................. 65
a. Contact-afhankelijk ....................................................................................................................... 65
b. Endocriene en paracriene ............................................................................................................. 65
c. Synaptische contacten .................................................................................................................. 65
6.3 Receptoren .................................................................................................................................... 66
a. Ionenkanaal-gebonden receptoren ............................................................................................... 66
b. G proteïne-gekoppelde receptoren .............................................................................................. 66
c. Enzym-gekoppelde receptoren ..................................................................................................... 66
6.4 Belangrijkste signaaltransductiepathways .................................................................................... 67
a. cAMP pathway .............................................................................................................................. 67
b. GMP Pathway ................................................................................................................................ 68
c. fosfolipase Ca2+ pathway ............................................................................................................. 68
d. ERK-MAP kinase pathway.............................................................................................................. 69
e. JAK-STAT pathway ......................................................................................................................... 70
7. Celdeling ............................................................................................................................................... 70
1. Interfase .................................................................................................................................................. 71
2.1 G1-fase .......................................................................................................................................... 73
2.2 S-fase ............................................................................................................................................. 73
2.3 G2-fase .......................................................................................................................................... 73
2. M-fase (bij mitose) .................................................................................................................................. 74
2.1 Karyokinese ................................................................................................................................... 74
a. Profase .......................................................................................................................................... 74
b. Prometafase .................................................................................................................................. 76
c. Metafase ....................................................................................................................................... 76
d. Anafase (A) .................................................................................................................................... 76
e. Anafase (B) .................................................................................................................................... 76
f. Telofase ......................................................................................................................................... 76
2.2 Cytokinese ..................................................................................................................................... 77
3. M-fase (bij meiose) ................................................................................................................................. 77
3.1 Eerste meiotische deling ............................................................................................................... 78
a. Profase 1........................................................................................................................................ 78
b. Metafase 1 .................................................................................................................................... 81
c. Anafase 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 81
d. Telofase 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 81
3.2 Tweede meiotische deling............................................................................................................. 82
4. Controle van de celdeling ........................................................................................................................ 82
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