Samenvatting Recht
Deel 1: inleiding tot het recht......................................................................................................................... 7
Hoofdstuk 1: algemene inleiding..........................................................................................................................7
1 Verantwoording............................................................................................................................................7
2 Het begrip recht............................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Algemeen..............................................................................................................................................7
2.2 Een geheel van algemeen geldende normatieve regels.......................................................................7
2.3 Door de staat opgelegde normen.........................................................................................................8
2.4 Afdwingbare normen............................................................................................................................9
Hoofdstuk 2: indeling van het recht...................................................................................................................10
1 Algemeen....................................................................................................................................................10
2 Privaatrecht – publiekrecht........................................................................................................................10
2.1 Het publiekrecht.................................................................................................................................10
2.2 Het privaatrecht..................................................................................................................................11
2.3 Gemengde rechtstakken.....................................................................................................................11
3 Internationaal recht versus nationaalrecht................................................................................................12
4 Objectief recht versus subjectief recht.......................................................................................................12
5 Materieel versus formeel recht..................................................................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 3: bronnen van het recht...................................................................................................................13
1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................................13
2 Wetgeving sensu lato (materiële wet, bindende bron)..............................................................................13
2.1 Niet kennen.........................................................................................................................................13
2.2 Internationale verdragen en secundair internationaal recht.............................................................13
2.3 De Grondwet.......................................................................................................................................13
2.4 De wet (sensu stricto).........................................................................................................................14
2.5 Decreten en ordonnanties..................................................................................................................15
2.6 Koninklijke besluiten...........................................................................................................................15
2.7 Ministeriële besluiten.........................................................................................................................15
2.8 Besluit van een deelregering..............................................................................................................15
2.9 Provinciaal reglement.........................................................................................................................15
2.10 Gemeentelijk reglement...................................................................................................................15
3 Rechtspraak................................................................................................................................................15
4 De rechtsleer...............................................................................................................................................16
5 De gewoonte...............................................................................................................................................16
6 Algemene rechtsbeginselen.......................................................................................................................16
Hoofdstuk 4: structuren en instellingen.............................................................................................................17
1 Algemene beginselen..................................................................................................................................17
1.1 Parlementaire democratie..................................................................................................................17
1.2 Scheiding der machten.......................................................................................................................17
1.3 Rechtsstaat..........................................................................................................................................17
1.5 Federale staat.....................................................................................................................................18
2 Federale politieke instellingen....................................................................................................................18
2.1 Het parlement (Federale WM)............................................................................................................18
A Samenstelling....................................................................................................................................18
B Bevoegdheden federaal parlement..................................................................................................19
2.2 De regering (UM)................................................................................................................................19
A De koning..........................................................................................................................................19
B Samenstelling van de regering..........................................................................................................19
C Bevoegdheden van de Federale regering.........................................................................................19
3 Regionale politieke instellingen..................................................................................................................20
3.1 De gemeenschappen..........................................................................................................................20
1
, A Wetgevende macht van de gemeenschappen.................................................................................20
B Uitvoerende macht van de gemeenschappen..................................................................................20
C Bevoegdheden van de gemeenschappen.........................................................................................20
3.2 De gewesten= territoriaal...................................................................................................................20
A Wetgevende macht van de gewesten..............................................................................................20
B Uitvoerende macht van de gewesten...............................................................................................20
C Bevoegdheden van de gewesten......................................................................................................20
3.3 Beginselen van bevoegdheidsverdeling..............................................................................................21
Hoofdstuk 5: rechtshandhaving.........................................................................................................................22
1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................................22
1.1 Burgerlijke procedure.........................................................................................................................22
1.2 Strafprocedure....................................................................................................................................22
Enkele gerechtelijke functies....................................................................................................................23
2 Privaatrechtelijk procesrecht......................................................................................................................23
2.1 Burgerlijke Procedure in eerste aanleg...............................................................................................23
A De rechtsingang op tegenspraak (woord en wederwoord)..............................................................23
B De inleidende zitting.........................................................................................................................23
C Conclusies..........................................................................................................................................24
D Instaatstelling....................................................................................................................................24
E Terechtzitting....................................................................................................................................24
F Vonnis................................................................................................................................................24
2.2 Strafprocedure in eerste aanleg.........................................................................................................25
2.3 Rechtsmiddelen..................................................................................................................................25
3 Gewone gerechtelijke instellingen: rechtbanken en hoven.......................................................................26
3.1 Bevoegdheid van de rechtbanken......................................................................................................26
3.2 Organisatie van de rechtbanken over het Belgisch grondgebied.......................................................28
A Vredegerecht`...................................................................................................................................28
B Politierechtbank................................................................................................................................28
C Rechtbank van eerste aanleg............................................................................................................28
D Ondernemingsrechtbank (sinds 1/11/2018; vroeger rechtbank van koophandel).........................29
E Arbeidsrechtbank..............................................................................................................................29
F Arrondissementsrechtbank...............................................................................................................29
G Hof van Beroep.................................................................................................................................29
H Arbeidshof........................................................................................................................................30
I Hof van Assisen..................................................................................................................................30
J Hof van Cassatie.................................................................................................................................30
4 Bijzondere instellingen: Raad van State – Grondwettelijk Hof...................................................................30
4.1 Grondwettelijk hof..............................................................................................................................30
4.2 Raad van State....................................................................................................................................30
Deel 2: verbintenissenrecht.......................................................................................................................... 31
Hoofdstuk 1: verbintenissen uit overeenkomst..................................................................................................32
1 Definitie en enkele soorten........................................................................................................................32
2 Basisbeginselen van het contractenrecht...................................................................................................32
3 Geldigheidsvoorwaarden voor het bestaan van de overeenkomst...........................................................33
3.1 Toestemming......................................................................................................................................33
3.2 Bekwaamheid......................................................................................................................................33
3.3 Voorwerp............................................................................................................................................33
3.4 Oorzaak...............................................................................................................................................33
3.5 Nietigheid............................................................................................................................................34
4 Interpretatie van overeenkomsten............................................................................................................34
5 Uitwerking van de overeenkomst...............................................................................................................34
5.1 Uitwerking van de overeenkomst tussen contractpartijen................................................................34
5.2 Uitwerking tegenover derden.............................................................................................................35
6 Modaliteiten van de verbintenis................................................................................................................35
7 Niet kennen.................................................................................................................................................35
2
, 8 Bewijs..........................................................................................................................................................35
Hoofdstuk 2: verbintenissen uit Quasi-contracten.............................................................................................36
1 Zaakwaarneming.........................................................................................................................................36
2 Onverschuldigde betaling...........................................................................................................................36
3 Verrijking zonder oorzaak...........................................................................................................................37
Hoofdstuk 3: verbintenissen uit onrechtmatige daad........................................................................................38
1 Strafrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid..............................................................................................................38
2 Burgerlijke aansprakelijkheid.....................................................................................................................38
2.1 ASH voor eigen onrechtmatige daad..................................................................................................38
2.2 ASH voor andermans daad.................................................................................................................39
Deel 3: benoemde contracten...................................................................................................................... 41
Hoofdstuk 1: koop...............................................................................................................................................41
Hoofdstuk 2: huur...............................................................................................................................................43
Opzegging van een huurovereenkomst van lange duur door de verhuurder...............................................44
Opzegging voor eigen gebruik of bewoning door familieleden....................................................................44
Opzegging voor verbouwingswerken............................................................................................................44
Opzegging zonder motief..............................................................................................................................44
Huurovereenkomst van korte duur...............................................................................................................45
Opzegging van een huurcontract van lange duur door de huurder..............................................................45
Vrijgave van de huurwaarborg......................................................................................................................45
Hoofdstuk 3: aannemingsovereenkomst............................................................................................................46
Wat is de wet Breyne?........................................................................................................................................49
Waarop is de wet Breyne van toepassing?........................................................................................................49
Onder welke voorwaarden is de wet Breyne van toepassing?.....................................................................50
In welke gevallen is de wet Breyne niet van toepassing?...................................................................................50
Welke garanties biedt de wet Breyne?...............................................................................................................50
Wat als de wet Breyne niet wordt nageleefd?...................................................................................................50
Hoofdstuk 4: andere benoemde contracten.......................................................................................................51
1 Lening..........................................................................................................................................................51
2 Bewaargeving..............................................................................................................................................51
3 Dading.........................................................................................................................................................51
6 Lastgeving...................................................................................................................................................51
7 Borgtocht....................................................................................................................................................52
Deel 4: Goederenrecht................................................................................................................................. 53
Hoofdstuk 1: goederen: soorten en belang........................................................................................................53
1 Begrip en soorten goederen.......................................................................................................................53
2 Roerende en onroerende goederen...........................................................................................................53
2.1 Onroerende goederen........................................................................................................................53
A Onroerende goederen uit hun aard + onroerende goederen door incorporatie............................53
B Onroerende goederen door bestemming.........................................................................................54
C Onroerende goederen door het voorwerp waarop ze betrekking hebben......................................54
2.2 Roerende goederen............................................................................................................................54
A Roerende goederen uit hun aard.....................................................................................................54
B Roerende goederen door wetsbepaling...........................................................................................54
C Roerende goederen door anticipatie................................................................................................54
3 Gebruiks- en verbruiksgoederen................................................................................................................55
4 Lichamelijke en onlichamelijke goederen..................................................................................................55
5 Zaken in en buiten de handel.....................................................................................................................55
6 Publieke goederen/Domeingoederen........................................................................................................55
Deel 5: Zakelijke rechten en zekerheden...................................................................................................... 57
Hoofdstuk 1: Zakelijke rechten...........................................................................................................................57
1 Begrip, kenmerken en soorten...................................................................................................................57
2 Eigendomsrecht..........................................................................................................................................57
3 Vruchtgebruik.............................................................................................................................................58
3.1 Begrip..................................................................................................................................................58
3.2 Kenmerken..........................................................................................................................................58
A Het vruchtgebruik is een fractie van het eigendomsrecht...............................................................58
B Het vruchtgebruik is een zakelijk recht.............................................................................................58
C Het vruchtgebruik is een tijdelijk recht.............................................................................................58
3.3 Totstandkoming..................................................................................................................................58
A De wet...............................................................................................................................................58
B De wil van de mens...........................................................................................................................58
3.4 Rechten en plichten van de vruchtgebruiker.....................................................................................59
A Genot vruchten.................................................................................................................................59
B Het gebruik........................................................................................................................................59
C Recht van beheer..............................................................................................................................59
4 Erfdienstbaarheden....................................................................................................................................59
4.1 Begrip..................................................................................................................................................59
4.2 Kenmerken..........................................................................................................................................60
Hoofdstuk 2: Zekerheden....................................................................................................................................61
1 Begrip en belang.........................................................................................................................................61
2 Indeling.......................................................................................................................................................61
3 Voorrechten................................................................................................................................................61
4 Hypotheek...................................................................................................................................................62
4.1 Begrip..................................................................................................................................................62
4.2 Inschrijving hypotheekkantoor/Algemene administratie...................................................................62
5 Pand............................................................................................................................................................62
Deel 6: Personen-, Familie- en Relatievermogensrecht.................................................................................63
Hoofdstuk 1: Personenrecht...............................................................................................................................63
1. Begrip en soorten......................................................................................................................................63
1.1 ONTSTAAN EN BEËINDIGING VAN DE PERSOONLIJKHEID..................................................................63
2. Staat van de persoon.................................................................................................................................63
2.1 BEGRIP EN VERKRIJGING.....................................................................................................................63
2.2 KENMERKEN VAN DE STAAT...............................................................................................................63
2.3 ELEMENTEN VAN STAAT.....................................................................................................................64
2.4 PERSOONLIJKE PUBLICITEIT................................................................................................................67
2.5 PERSONENBESCHERMING: PERSOONLIJKHEIDSRECHTEN..................................................................67
Hoofdstuk 2: Familierecht..................................................................................................................................69
1 Wie is familie? – Graad van verwantschap en aanverwantschap..............................................................69
2 Huwelijk......................................................................................................................................................69
2.1 VOORWAARDEN.................................................................................................................................69
2.2 SANCTIES BIJ HET NIET NALEVEN VAN DE VOORWAARDEN..............................................................69
2.3 VORMVEREISTEN................................................................................................................................70
2.4 GEVOLGEN VAN HET HUWELIJK: HET PRIMAIR STELSEL....................................................................70
3 Feitelijke scheiding en echtscheiding.........................................................................................................72
3.1 FEITELIJKE ECHTSCHEIDING VERSUS ECHTSCHEIDING.......................................................................72
3.2 DRINGENDE MAATREGELEN...............................................................................................................72
3.3 VORMEN VAN ECHTSCHEIDINGEN.....................................................................................................72
4 Samenwoning buiten het huwelijk.............................................................................................................73
4.1 WETTELIJKE SAMENWONING.............................................................................................................73
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