Summary
Summary Academic English - Grammar
- Course
- Institution
Summary of all grammar taught in the Academic English course. It contains everything mentioned in the lectures, as well as extra explanations.
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
brens
Content preview
Lexical & grammatical verbs● Lexical: content words, easy to define
● Grammatical: much harder to define (prepositions, pronouns, articles). Small words
with grammatical significance, no easy definition
Lexical (content words) Grammatical (function words)
- lexical verbs, noun, adjective, - article, conjunction, prepositions,
adverb pronoun, auxiliary verbs
● open set: changes, new words ● closed set: doesn’t change a lot
Word classes
● verbs
- tense (past/present), aspect (simple/continuous), voice (active/passive),
mood (indicative/imperative/subjunctive)
- verb phrases: several words together
- can also be one word (when there is only one verb)
- consists of: only 1 lexical verb & possibly one or more (modal)
auxiliary verbs (usually ‘to be’ or ‘to have’)
● nouns
- lexical
- countable (can be used plural) & non-countable (never used with plural form)
- concrete vs. abstract
- common (no capitals) vs. proper (capitals)
● pronouns
- smaller words in place of the noun
- subject (ow), object (lv), possessive (bz), reflective (-self)
Noun
● noun phrase: head noun + things added (articles, adjectives, adverbs)
- recognize: entire phrase can be replaced by a pronoun
Adjective
● describes a noun or pronoun
- attributive: before noun
- predicative: after, connected with a linking verb
Adverb
● describes verb, adjective, phrase, adverb
● form: adjective + ly/ily or taken from lexicon (e.g. today, however)
● exceptions:
- adjectives that already end in ly/ily
- sometimes the same form as adjective (fast, hard, long)
- when there’s a change in meaning (hard, late, short)
Verb types
1. subject + verb only
- not followed by anything required to finish/complete the meaning of the verb
, ● John is running / The painting fell / It was raining
- intransitive verbs: can stand on their own with the subject
2. subject + verb + one complement
- subject / verb / object
- monotransitive verb: completed by one object
● John kicked the ball / John saw the apple
● x does y to z
3. linking verbs
- subject / (copula) verb / subject complement
- e.g of verbs: appear, be, become, feel, grow, make, prove, remain, seem,
smell, taste, turn, look, sound
● John is fast / Mary is a writer
- recognize: replace the verb with ‘seem’
4. subject + verb + two complements
- subject / verb / indirect object / direct object OR subject / verb / direct object /
to/for indirect object
- ditransitive verbs: two complements to the verb
- direct object: what is happening / done
- indirect object: to or for whom something is happening / done
5. complex-transitive verbs
- subject / verb / object / object complement
● Mary found her own jokes extremely funny
Overview of verb types
1. Intransitive S/V
2. Mono-transitive S / V / DO
3. Linking verb S / V / SC
4. Ditransitive S / V / IO / DO or S / V / DO / IO
5. Complex-transitive S / V / DO / OC
Adverbials
● grammatical function
● modifier, part of a sentence that’s not grammatically necessary
● usually a set pattern (SVO), but adverbial is free to move
- after V, can also precede S in some cases
● all adverbs are adverbials, but not all adverbials are adverbs
● everything that gives information, but is non-essential
Prepositional phrases
● often adverbials, but can also be necessary
● prepositional complement: necessary with verb
Verb tense
● relation between the time of the state of affairs being described and the time of
writing/speaking
● present simple + past simple: verb phrase consists of one word
● tenses + form:
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller brens. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $3.33. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67096 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now