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RECHTSGESCHIEDENISVrije Universiteit van Amsterdam
2020/2021
C.TEUNISSEN
,Inhoudsopgave
HOOFDSTUK 1................................................................................................................................................ 6
1.1 RECHTSGESCHIEDENIS...........................................................................................................................................6
1.2 PERIODISERING...................................................................................................................................................6
1.3 DE GESCHEIDEN WEGEN VAN DE CIVILIAN EN COMMON LAW TRADITION.......................................................................7
1.4 HET CORPUS IURIS ALS FUNDAMENT VAN DE CONTINENTALE RECHTSCULTUUR...............................................................8
1.4.1 Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................8
1.4.2 De voorgeschiedenis van het Corpus iuris in vogelvlucht.......................................................................8
1.4.3 Justinianus en zijn tijd.............................................................................................................................9
1.4.4 De uitgangspunten van het wetgevingsproject....................................................................................10
1.4.5 De onderdelen van het wetgevingsproject...........................................................................................11
1.4.6 Het Corpus iuris als rechtsbron.............................................................................................................12
HOOFDSTUK 2.............................................................................................................................................. 12
2.1 DE OVERLEVERING VAN HET ROMEINSE RECHT IN DE MIDDELEEUWEN........................................................................12
2.2 HET ONTSTAAN VAN EEN EUROPESE RECHTSWETENSCHAP........................................................................................13
2.3 HET CORPUS IURIS IN ZIJN MIDDELEEUWSE VORM...................................................................................................13
2.3.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................13
2.3.2 Digestum Vetus, Infortiatum en Digestum Novum...............................................................................14
2.3.3 Codex....................................................................................................................................................14
2.3.4 Volumen of Volumen parvum...............................................................................................................14
2.4 DE GLOSSATOREN..............................................................................................................................................14
2.5 WETENSCHAPPELIJKE GENRES BIJ GLOSSATOREN......................................................................................................15
2.6 DE GLOSSE VAN ACCURSIUS................................................................................................................................15
2.7 Interpretatie van het Corpus Iuris............................................................................................................15
2.7.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................15
2.7.2 Harmoniseren.......................................................................................................................................16
2.7.3 Aanpassen.............................................................................................................................................16
2.7.4 Systematiseren......................................................................................................................................16
2.8 VROEGE RECEPTIE VAN ROMEINS RECHT: BEGIN VAN HET IUS COMMUNE....................................................................16
2.9 DE COMMENTATOREN........................................................................................................................................16
2.9.1 De commentatoren en hun geschriften................................................................................................16
2.9.2 De School van Orléans en Bartolus de Saxoferrato..............................................................................17
HOOFDSTUK 3.............................................................................................................................................. 17
3.1 RECHTSTRADITIES BUITEN HET CORPUS IURIS CIVILIS................................................................................................17
3.2 CANONIEK RECHT..............................................................................................................................................18
3.2.1 Het ontstaan van recht binnen de kerk................................................................................................18
3.2.2 Kerkelijke competentie.........................................................................................................................18
3.2.3 De Gregoriaanse Kerkhervorming........................................................................................................18
3.2.4 Het Corpus iuris canonici......................................................................................................................19
3.2.5 De Romano – canonieke procedure......................................................................................................20
3.3 GEWOONTERECHT.............................................................................................................................................21
3.3.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................21
3.3.2 Usatges van Barcelona (twaalfde eeuw)..............................................................................................21
3.3.3 Saksenspiegel (1220 en 1235)..............................................................................................................21
3.3.4 Coutumes de Beauvaises (1283)...........................................................................................................21
3.3.5 Rechtspraak en rechterschap ik de oude zin........................................................................................21
3.4 GODSVREDES EN LANDVREDES.............................................................................................................................22
3.4.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................22
3.4.2 De godsvrede van Laprade (ca. 975 – 980)..........................................................................................22
3.4.3 De godsvrede van Le Puy (ca. 993/994)...............................................................................................22
3.4.4 De godsvrede van Limoges (994)..........................................................................................................22
3.4.5 Landvredes............................................................................................................................................22
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, 3.5 WETGEVING.....................................................................................................................................................22
3.5.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................22
3.5.2 Keuren in de Nederlanden....................................................................................................................23
3.5.3 Wetgeving van lagere vorsten en van Italiaanse communes...............................................................23
3.5.4 Rechterschap in moderne zin................................................................................................................23
3.6 WERELDLIJK RECHT VERSUS KERKELIJK RECHT..........................................................................................................24
HOOFDSTUK 4.............................................................................................................................................. 25
4.1 INLEIDING........................................................................................................................................................25
4.2 NATUURRECHT..................................................................................................................................................26
4.2.1 De voorlopers: Fransisco de Vitoria en de school van Salamanca........................................................26
4.2.2 De Summa theologiae en de restitutieleer...........................................................................................27
4.2.3 Het natuurrecht van de vroegmoderne scholastiek.............................................................................27
4.2.4 Natuurrecht in de Noordelijke Nederlanden: Hugo de Groot...............................................................28
4.2.5 Natuurrecht in de Duitse gebieden.......................................................................................................28
4.3 DE HOLLANDSE ELEGANTE SCHOOL EN HET NEO-HUMANISME..................................................................................29
4.4 RECEPTIE VAN ROMEINS RECHT IN NOORD-EUROPA................................................................................................29
4.4.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................29
4.4.2 Receptie door middel van appelrechtspraak........................................................................................30
4.4.3 Wetenschap: verspreiding van het Bartolisme.....................................................................................31
4.4.4 Nieuwe systematisering en de rol van de Instituten.............................................................................31
4.5 DE NOORDELIJKE NEDERLANDEN..........................................................................................................................31
4.5.1 De rechtsbronnen..................................................................................................................................31
4.5.2 De rechterlijke organisatie....................................................................................................................31
4.5.3 Rooms-Hollands recht: de gezaghebbende schrijvers..........................................................................32
4.6 DE VERSPREIDING VAN HET ROOMS-HOLLANDSE RECHT BUITEN EUROPA....................................................................33
4.6.1 De VOC en WIC......................................................................................................................................33
4.6.2 Zuidelijke Afrika....................................................................................................................................33
4.6.3 Sri Lanka en andere gebieden...............................................................................................................33
4.7 HET IUS HODIERNUM.........................................................................................................................................34
HOOFDSTUK 5.............................................................................................................................................. 34
5.1 CODIFICEREN ALS VERSCHIJNSEL...........................................................................................................................34
5.2 DE VOORGESCHIEDENIS......................................................................................................................................34
5.2.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................34
5.2.2 Vroege codificaties................................................................................................................................35
5.3 KENMERKEN VAN DE NIEUWE WETBOEKEN.............................................................................................................35
5.4 DE CODE CIVIL (1804).......................................................................................................................................35
5.4.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................35
5.4.2 De Franse rechtswetenschap ten tijde van het Ancien Régime............................................................36
5.4.3 De totstandkoming van de Code civil...................................................................................................36
5.4.4 Invloed van de Code civil in Europa en daarbuiten...............................................................................36
5.5 HET BURGERLIJK WETBOEK (1838).....................................................................................................................37
5.6 HET BURGERLICHE GESETZBUCH (1900)...............................................................................................................37
5.6.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................37
5.6.2 Duitse rechtswetenschap: de Historische school..................................................................................37
5.6.3 Duitse rechtswetenschap: het Pandectisme.........................................................................................38
5.6.4 Totstandkoming van het Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch (1900)....................................................................38
5.6.5 Invloed van het Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch in Europa en daarbuiten.......................................................39
5.7 DE CODEX IURIS CANONICI (1917, HERZIEN 1983)................................................................................................39
5.8 HET BURGERLIJK WETBOEK (1992)......................................................................................................................39
5.9 INTERNATIONAAL PRIVAATRECHT..........................................................................................................................40
HOOFDSTUK 6.............................................................................................................................................. 40
6.2 DE RECHTSTRADITIES VAN DE HUIDIGE TIJD............................................................................................................41
6.2.1 Rechtstradities......................................................................................................................................41
6.2.2 De continentaal Europese rechtstraditie..............................................................................................41
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, 6.2.3 De Anglo-Amerikaanse rechtstraditie...................................................................................................41
6.2.4 Mixed legal systems..............................................................................................................................42
6.2.3 De traditie van het ius commune..........................................................................................................42
6.2.6 Islamitisch recht....................................................................................................................................42
6.3 RECHTSWETENSCHAP: RECHTSVERGELIJKING...........................................................................................................43
6.4 INTERNATIONALISERING EN EUROPEANISERING VAN HET PRIVAATRECHT......................................................................44
6.4.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................44
6.4.2 De opkomst van het internationaal recht.............................................................................................44
6.4.3 Internationalisering: internationale verdragen....................................................................................44
6.4.4 Internationalisering: de rol van vreemd recht......................................................................................44
6.4.5 Internationalisering de komst van Europees recht...............................................................................45
6.5 INITIATIEVEN OM TOT HARMONISATIE TE KOMEN....................................................................................................46
6.6 DE ROL VAN HET IUS COMMUNE IN DE EENENTWINTIGSTE EEUW...............................................................................46
6.7 RECHTSGESCHIEDENIS: WETENSCHAPSGESCHIEDENIS EN MEER...................................................................................46
HOOFDSTUK 7.............................................................................................................................................. 46
7.1 INLEIDING........................................................................................................................................................46
7.1.1 Twee benaderingen van buitencontractuele aansprakelijkheid...........................................................46
7.2 VERBINTENISSEN UIT DELICT EN DIEFSTAL – INST. 4.1 D.47.2, C.6.2........................................................................47
7.2.1 Verbintenissen uit delict.......................................................................................................................47
7.2.2 Diefstal (furtum)...................................................................................................................................47
7.2.3 Diefstal bij heterdaad en buiten heterdaad..........................................................................................47
7.2.4 Diefstal (furtum) is een ruim begrip......................................................................................................48
7.2.5 Medeplichtigen.....................................................................................................................................48
7.2.6 Wie kan de diefstalsvordering instellen?..............................................................................................49
7.2.7 De diefstalsvordering is zuiver poenaal................................................................................................49
7.3 VORDERINGEN WEGENS MET GEWELD GEROOFDE ZAKEN INST. 4.2, D.47.8, C.9.33...................................................49
7.4 DE LEX AQUILIA INST. 4.3 D. 9.2, C.3.35............................................................................................................50
7.4.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................50
7.4.2 Caput I van de lex Aquilia: onrechtmatig doden van slaven of vee......................................................50
7.4.3 Doden ten gevolge van schuld (culpa)..................................................................................................51
7.4.4 De boete vasn Caput I...........................................................................................................................51
7.4.5 Caput II van de lex Aquilia....................................................................................................................51
7.4.6 Caput III van de lex Aquilia: andere schade aan slaven en zaken.........................................................51
7.4.7 Het verwonden van vrije personen.......................................................................................................52
7.4.8 Onrechtmatigheid en schuld bij Caput III.............................................................................................52
7.4.9 De boete van Caput III...........................................................................................................................52
7.4.10 Causaliteit (Caput I en III)...................................................................................................................53
7.4.11 Verlies zonder beschadiging (Caput I en III)........................................................................................53
7.5 KRENKINGEN – INST. 4.4 D. 47.10, C. 9.35........................................................................................................53
7.5.1 Iniuria of krenking.................................................................................................................................53
7.5.2 Wie kan de krenkingsvordering instellen?............................................................................................54
7.5.3 Berekening van de boete bij de krenkingsvordering.............................................................................54
7.5.4 Lex Aquilia en iniuria.............................................................................................................................54
7.6 VERBINTENISSEN DIE ALS HET WARE UIT DELICT ONTSTAAN – INST. 4.5......................................................................55
7.7 VORDERINGEN – INST 4.6..................................................................................................................................55
7.8 NOXALE VORDERINGEN – INST. 4.8 D. 9.4, C. 3.41..............................................................................................56
7.9 ALS EEN VIERVOETER WORDT GEZEGD SCHADE TE VEROORZAKEN – INST. 4.9..............................................................57
HOOFDSTUK 8.............................................................................................................................................. 58
8.1 INLEIDING........................................................................................................................................................58
8.1.1 Dezelfde teksten in een andere context................................................................................................58
8.1.2 De Summa ‘’Iustiniani est in hoc opere’’...............................................................................................58
8.2 VERBINTENISSEN UIT DELICT EN DIEFSTAL – INST. 4.1..............................................................................................58
8.2.1 Wat is diefstal?.....................................................................................................................................58
8.2.2 Berekening van de boete......................................................................................................................58
8.3 VORDERINGEN WEGENS MET GEWELD GEROOFDE ZAKEN – INST. 4.2.........................................................................59
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