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Sumario BIOLOGIA

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APUNTES BIOLOGIA (APUNTES BIOLOGIA)

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  • May 14, 2021
  • 4
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary
  • Secondary school
  • Bachillerato
  • 6
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TEMA 8: MUTACIONES
1. MUTACIONES

Mutación: cambio en el genotipo (ADN). Son heredables, pero a veces no se manifiesta en el
genotipo. Son espontáneas o inducidas y su efecto mayoritariamente es negativo pero
también puede ser positivo.

Son responsables de la variabilidad de caracteres ya los distintos alelos de un gen son
mutaciones ocurridas a partir del gen original. Esto a lo largo del tiempo genera diversidad y
por lo tanto son responsables de la evolución.

Se clasifican según:

-Células a las que afectan: somáticas o germinales.

-Herencia: dominantes o recesivas.

-Cantidad de ADN a la que afectan: génicas, cromosómicas y genómicas.

Encontramos:

-Agentes mutagénicos: provoca las mutaciones (algunos cánceres)

-Agentes carcinogénicos: provoca el cáncer

2. ORIGEN
 Espontáneas

La tasa de mutaciones espontáneas es muy variable

 Errores de replicación:

-Cambios tautoméricos: si una base cambia de forma cetónica a enólica, apareará de forma
diferente, originando transiciones en la otra cadena.

-Cambios de fase: inserciones o deleciones.

 Lesiones fortuitas en el ADN

-Despurinización: pérdida de A o G

-Desaminación: C pasa a U, que después es eliminado.

-Dímeros de timina: provocan sustituciones.

-Daños oxidativos: los radicales libres pueden originar transversiones.

 Transposones

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