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Samenvatting Inleiding Europees recht
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Samenvatting van het boek van het vak Inleiding Europees recht.
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Inleiding Europees rechtInhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1 – Geschiedenis en ontwikkeling...........................................................................................5
1.1 – Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................5
1.2 – 1951/1956 Oprichtingsfase..................................................................................................................5
1.2.1 De Europese Gemeenschap voor Kolen en Staal.............................................................................5
1.2.2 Naar drie gemeenschappen.............................................................................................................5
1.3 – 1965/1985 Eurosclerose.......................................................................................................................6
1.3.1 1965/1966 De Lege Stoel-crisis en het Akkoord van Luxemburg: inertie........................................6
1.3.2 Een actief Hof van Justitie en Europees Parlement.........................................................................6
1.4 – 1985/2004 Jubeljaren?........................................................................................................................7
1.4.1 Europese Akte 1986.........................................................................................................................7
1.4.2 Verdrag van Maastricht 1992...........................................................................................................7
1.4.3 Verdrag van Amsterdam (1997), Verdrag van Nice (2001) en verdere uitbreiding van de EU.......7
1.5 – 2004/nu Van crisis naar crisis..............................................................................................................8
1.5.1 Het Grondwettelijk Verdrag afgewezen...........................................................................................8
1.5.2 Verdrag van Lissabon en de crises daarna.......................................................................................8
Hoofdstuk 2 – De instellingen van de Europese Unie................................................................................8
2.1 – inleiding.................................................................................................................................................8
2.1.1 Inleidende opmerkingen..................................................................................................................8
2.2 – De Europese Raad.................................................................................................................................9
2.2.1 Inrichting...........................................................................................................................................9
2.2.2 Algemene rol en bevoegdheden......................................................................................................9
2.3 – De Raad van Ministers..........................................................................................................................9
2.3.1 Inrichting...........................................................................................................................................9
2.3.2 Algemene rol en bevoegdheden......................................................................................................9
2.4 – De Europese Commissie........................................................................................................................9
2.4.1 Inrichting...........................................................................................................................................9
2.4.2 Algemene rol en bevoegdheden....................................................................................................10
2.5 – Het Europees Parlement.....................................................................................................................10
2.5.1 Inrichting........................................................................................................................................10
2.5.2 Algemene rol en bevoegdheden....................................................................................................10
2.6 – Het Hof van Justitie.............................................................................................................................10
2.6.1 Inrichting........................................................................................................................................10
2.6.2 Algemene rol en bevoegdheden....................................................................................................11
2.7 – De Europese Rekenkamer en de Europese Centrale Bank..................................................................11
2.7.1 Inrichting........................................................................................................................................11
2.7.2 Algemene rol en bevoegdheden....................................................................................................11
2.8 – Ter afsluiting.......................................................................................................................................11
Hoofdstuk 3 – Rechtsbronnen, besluitvorming en wetgevingsprocedures..............................................12
3.1 – Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................12
3.1.1 Inleidende opmerkingen................................................................................................................12
3.2 – Primair EU-recht..................................................................................................................................12
3.2.1 Basisverdragen...............................................................................................................................12
3.2.2 Wijzigingsverdragen.......................................................................................................................12
3.2.3 Toetredingsverdragen....................................................................................................................12
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3.2.4 Protocollen.....................................................................................................................................12
3.2.5 Algemene beginselen en fundamentele rechten...........................................................................12
3.3 – Secundair EU-recht..............................................................................................................................13
3.3.1 Verordeningen................................................................................................................................13
3.3.2 Richtlijnen.......................................................................................................................................13
3.3.3 Besluiten.........................................................................................................................................13
3.4 – Internationale overeenkomsten..........................................................................................................13
3.5 – Soft law...............................................................................................................................................13
3.6 – Besluitvorming binnen instellingen.....................................................................................................14
3.6.1 Besluitvorming in de Europese Raad.............................................................................................14
3.6.2 Besluitvorming in de Raad van Ministers.......................................................................................14
3.6.3 Besluitvorming in de Europese Commissie....................................................................................14
3.6.4 Besluitvorming in het Europees Parlement...................................................................................14
3.6.5 Besluitvorming in overige instellingen, organen, bureaus, autoriteiten en agentschappen........15
3.7 – Wetgevingsprocedures.......................................................................................................................15
3.7.1 Gewone wetgevingsprocedure......................................................................................................15
3.7.2 Bijzondere wetgevingsprocedure..................................................................................................15
3.8 – Niet-wetgevingsprocedure..................................................................................................................15
3.9 – Voorwaarden voor geldigheid............................................................................................................16
3.9.1 Toereikende en correcte rechtsbasis.............................................................................................16
3.9.2 Geen strijd met hoger recht...........................................................................................................16
3.9.3 Toereikende motivatie...................................................................................................................16
3.9.4 Publicatie........................................................................................................................................17
3.9.5 Subsidiariteit...................................................................................................................................17
3.9.6 Proportionaliteit.............................................................................................................................17
Hoofdstuk 4 – De doorwerking van Europees recht................................................................................17
4.2 – Voorrang.............................................................................................................................................17
4.2.1 Inleiding..........................................................................................................................................17
4.2.2 Voorrang EU-recht..........................................................................................................................17
4.3 – Directe werking...................................................................................................................................18
4.3.1 Inleiding..........................................................................................................................................18
4.3.2 Voorwaarden voor directe werking...............................................................................................18
4.3.3 Richtlijnen en directe werking........................................................................................................18
4.4 – Conforme interpretatie.......................................................................................................................19
4.4.1 Inleiding..........................................................................................................................................19
4.4.2 Grenzen aan conforme interpretatie.............................................................................................19
4.5 – Staatsaansprakelijkheid......................................................................................................................19
4.5.1 Inleiding..........................................................................................................................................19
4.5.2 Voorwaarden van staatsaansprakelijkheid....................................................................................19
Hoofdstuk 6 – Algemene beginselen van marktintegratie......................................................................20
6.1 – Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................20
6.2 – Vormen van markintegratie................................................................................................................20
6.2.1 Uitgangspunten..............................................................................................................................20
6.2.2 De verschillende fases van economische integratie......................................................................21
6.2.3 Vormen van economische integratie in de EU...............................................................................21
6.3 – Integratiemethoden............................................................................................................................22
6.3.1 Negatieve en positieve integratie..................................................................................................22
6.3.2 De verhouding tussen positieve en negatieve integratie..............................................................22
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Hoofdstuk 7 – Vrij verkeer van goederen...............................................................................................23
7.2 – Toepasselijkheid van de verdragsbepalingen inzake de 4 fundamentele vrijheden...........................23
7.2.1 Grensoverschrijdend element........................................................................................................23
7.2.2 Omgekeerde discriminatie.............................................................................................................23
7.3 – Het begrip ‘goed’ in de zin van het VWEU..........................................................................................23
7.4 – Belemmeringen...................................................................................................................................23
7.4.1 Oorzaken van belemmeringen van het vrije verkeer.....................................................................23
7.4.2 Typen belemmeringen van het vrije verkeer van goederen..........................................................24
7.5 – Tarifaire belemmeringen....................................................................................................................24
7.5.1 Inleidende opmerkingen................................................................................................................24
7.5.2 Artikel 30 VWEU.............................................................................................................................24
7.5.3 Artikel 110 VWEU...........................................................................................................................25
7.6 – Non-tarifaire belemmeringen.............................................................................................................25
7.6.1 Inleidende opmerkingen................................................................................................................25
7.6.2 Kwantitatieve in- en uitvoerbeperkingen......................................................................................25
7.6.3 Maatregelen van gelijke werking art. 35 VWEU............................................................................25
7.6.4 Maatregelen van gelijke werking in de zin van art. 34 VWEU.......................................................25
7.7 Rechtvaardigingsgronden......................................................................................................................27
7.7.2 Artikel 36 VWEU.............................................................................................................................27
7.7.3 Rule of reason (dwingende vereisten van algemeen belang)........................................................27
Hoofdstuk 8 – Vrij verkeer van personen en diensten............................................................................27
8.2 – De begunstigden van het vrije verkeer van personen en diensten.....................................................27
8.2.1 De burger van de Unie...................................................................................................................27
8.2.2 EU-vennootschappen.....................................................................................................................28
8.2.3 Ontwikkeling van het EU-burgerschap...........................................................................................28
8.2.4 Economisch actieve burgers (marktburgers).................................................................................28
8.3 – Migratierechten..................................................................................................................................29
8.3.1 Inleidende opmerkingen................................................................................................................29
8.2.3 De migratierechten van burgers van de Unie onder Richtlijn 2004/38/EG...................................30
8.3.3 Rechtvaardigingsgronden...............................................................................................................31
8.4 – Markttoegangsrechten.......................................................................................................................32
8.4.1 Inleidende opmerkingen................................................................................................................32
8.4.2 De marktoegangsrechten van burgers van de Unie.......................................................................32
8.4.3 Rechtvaardigingsgronden...............................................................................................................33
Hoofdstuk 9 – Mededingingsrecht......................................................................................................... 34
9.2 – Doelstellingen en opzet van het Europese mededingingsrecht..........................................................34
9.2.1 Doelstellingen.................................................................................................................................34
9.2.2 Begrip onderneming.......................................................................................................................34
9.2.3 Het systeem van het mededingingsrecht......................................................................................35
9.2.4 Afbakening van de relevante markt...............................................................................................35
9.3 De ‘pijlers’ van het mededingingsrecht.................................................................................................35
9.3.1 Kartelverbod, art. 101 VWEU.........................................................................................................35
9.3.2 Verbod om misbruik te maken van een economische machtspositie...........................................36
9.3.3 Concentratietoezicht......................................................................................................................37
9.3.4 Handhaving van de Europese mededingingsregels.......................................................................38
9.3.5 De verhouding tussen het Europese en nationale mededingingsrecht.........................................39
9.4 – Overheid en mededinging...................................................................................................................39
9.4.1 Het systeem van het EU-regime voor overheid en mededinging..................................................39
9.4.2 Staatssteun.....................................................................................................................................40
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Hoofdstuk 5 – Rechtsbescherming en handhaving.................................................................................41
5.2 – Art. 19 VEU: handhaving, rechtsbescherming en de taakverdeling tussen het Hof en nationale
rechters...............................................................................................................................................................41
5.3 – De prejudiciële procedure...................................................................................................................41
5.3.1 Het belang van de procedure voor de Europese én de nationale rechtsorde...............................41
5.3.2 Uitleggings- en geldigheidsvragen.................................................................................................42
5.3.3 De bevoegdheid van nationale rechters om vragen te stellen......................................................42
5.3.4 De bevoegdheid van het hof en de ontvankelijkheid van vragen..................................................42
5.3.5 De bevoegdheid en verplichting van nationale rechters...............................................................43
5.3.6 Uitzonderingen op de verwijzingsplicht bij uitleggingsvragen: Cilfit.............................................43
5.3.7 De verplichting voor lagere rechters om geldigheidsvragen te stellen: Foto-Frost......................44
5.3.8 Einduitspraak door nationale rechter............................................................................................44
5.3.9 De taakverdeling tussen het Hof en de nationale rechter.............................................................44
5.4 – Procedures bij het Hof van Justitie......................................................................................................44
5.4.1 Beroep wegens niet-nakoming......................................................................................................44
5.4.2 Beroep tot nietigverklaring............................................................................................................46
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