Bouwwetenschappen en materialenleer
Inhoud
Algemeen kader.....................................................................................................................................5
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................10
1 Cement..............................................................................................................................................12
1.1 Geschiedenis van cement...........................................................................................................12
1.2 Definitie van cement...................................................................................................................13
1.3 Toepassingen van cement..........................................................................................................13
1.4 Bestanddelen van cement..........................................................................................................13
1.5 Fabricatie van cement................................................................................................................15
1.6 Indeling van cement...................................................................................................................15
1.7 Verschil tussen cement, mortel, specie en beton.......................................................................16
1.8 Kwaliteitsgarantie van cement...................................................................................................16
1.9 Cement voor verschillende toepassingen...................................................................................17
1.10 Duurzaamheid van cement.......................................................................................................17
2 Beton.................................................................................................................................................17
2.1 Definitie van beton.....................................................................................................................17
2.2 Toepassingen van beton.............................................................................................................17
2.3 Bestanddelen van beton.............................................................................................................18
2.4 Fabricatie van beton...................................................................................................................19
2.5 Indeling van beton......................................................................................................................19
2.6 Eigenschappen van beton...........................................................................................................20
2.7 Watercementfactor (WCF)..........................................................................................................20
2.8 Consistentie van beton...............................................................................................................21
2.9 Druksterkte van beton................................................................................................................21
2.10 Gewapend beton......................................................................................................................22
2.11 Voorgespannen beton..............................................................................................................22
2.12 Classificering van de aantastingsrisico’s van beton..................................................................22
2.13 Omgevingsklassen van beton...................................................................................................22
2.14 Betontype.................................................................................................................................22
2.15 Kwaliteitsgarantie.....................................................................................................................22
2.16 Stortklaar versus zelfgemaakt beton........................................................................................23
2.17 Beton en energiebesparing.......................................................................................................23
2.18 Duurzaamheid van beton.........................................................................................................23
2.19 Beton bij brand.........................................................................................................................23
,3 Cellenbeton.......................................................................................................................................24
3.1 Geschiedenis van cellenbeton....................................................................................................24
3.2 Definitie van cellenbeton............................................................................................................24
3.3 Toepassingen van cellenbeton....................................................................................................24
3.4 Bestanddelen van cellenbeton...................................................................................................24
3.5 Fabricatie van cellenbeton..........................................................................................................24
3.6 Producten van cellenbeton.........................................................................................................24
3.7 Eigenschappen van cellenbeton.................................................................................................24
3.8 Cellenbeton en energiebesparing...............................................................................................25
3.9 Duurzaamheid van cellenbeton..................................................................................................25
3.10 Cellenbeton bij brand...............................................................................................................25
4 Kalkzandsteen....................................................................................................................................25
4.1 De geschiedenis van kalkzandsteen............................................................................................25
4.2 Toepassingen van kalkzandsteen................................................................................................25
4.3 Bestanddelen van kalkzandsteen................................................................................................25
4.4 Fabricatie van kalkzandsteen......................................................................................................25
4.5 Producten van kalkzandsteen.....................................................................................................26
4.6 Kalkzandsteen wanddeel als totaalpakket..................................................................................26
4.7 Eigenschappen van kalkzandsteen..............................................................................................26
4.8 Kalkzandsteen en energiebesparing...........................................................................................27
4.9 Duurzaamheid van kalkzandsteen..............................................................................................27
4.10 Kalkzandsteen bij brand............................................................................................................27
5 Baksteen............................................................................................................................................27
5.1 Definitie van baksteen................................................................................................................27
5.2 Toepassingen van baksteen........................................................................................................28
5.3 Bestanddelen van baksteen........................................................................................................28
5.4 Fabricatie van baksteen..............................................................................................................28
5.5 Indeling van baksteen.................................................................................................................30
5.6 Uitvoering van baksteenmetselwerk..........................................................................................31
5.7 Baksteen en energiebesparing....................................................................................................32
5.8 Duurzaamheid van baksteen......................................................................................................32
5.9 Baksteen bij brand......................................................................................................................32
6 Metalen.............................................................................................................................................32
6.1 Definitie van metalen.................................................................................................................32
6.2 Indeling van metalen..................................................................................................................33
6.3 Corrosie van metalen..................................................................................................................33
, 6.4 Staal............................................................................................................................................35
6.5 Aluminium..................................................................................................................................38
6.6 Zink.............................................................................................................................................39
6.7 Koper..........................................................................................................................................40
6.8 Lood............................................................................................................................................40
7 Hout...................................................................................................................................................42
7.1 Definitie van hout.......................................................................................................................42
7.2 Toepassingen van hout...............................................................................................................42
7.3 Structuur van hout......................................................................................................................42
7.4 Hout en water.............................................................................................................................44
7.5 Duurzaamheid van hout.............................................................................................................45
7.6 Toegepaste houtsoorten............................................................................................................46
7.7 Aanduiding van hout...................................................................................................................46
7.8 Hout en energiebesparing..........................................................................................................46
7.9 Hout bij brand.............................................................................................................................46
8 Isolatiematerialen..............................................................................................................................47
8.1 Definitie......................................................................................................................................47
8.2 Indeling van isolatiematerialen...................................................................................................47
8.3 Belangrijkste isolatiematerialen.................................................................................................48
8.4 Kwaliteitsgarantie van isolatiematerialen...................................................................................51
8.5 Duurzaamheid van isolatiematerialen........................................................................................51
8.6 Buitenmuren isoleren.................................................................................................................51
8.7 Vloeren isoleren..........................................................................................................................52
8.8 Hellende daken isoleren.............................................................................................................53
9 Glas (niet kennen)..............................................................................................................................54
10 Asbest..............................................................................................................................................54
10.1 Definitie....................................................................................................................................54
10.2 Geschiedenis van asbestgebruik...............................................................................................54
10.3 Belgische asbestproducten.......................................................................................................54
10.4 Voordelen van asbest...............................................................................................................54
10.5 Nadelen van asbest...................................................................................................................54
10.6 Indeling van asbesthoudende materialen.................................................................................55
10.7 Regelgeving met betrekking tot asbest.....................................................................................55
10.8 Herkenning van asbesthoudend materiaal...............................................................................56
10.9 Asbestafbouwbeleid in het Vlaamse Gewest............................................................................56
10.10 Werkgeversverplichtingen met betrekking tot asbest............................................................56
, 10.11 Asbest verwijderen.................................................................................................................56
11 Warmtetransmissie.........................................................................................................................57
11.1 Definitie van warmte en temperatuur......................................................................................57
11.2 Transmissievormen van warmte...............................................................................................58
11.3 Warmtetransport door de luchtlagen.......................................................................................61
11.4 Totale warmteweerstand.........................................................................................................62
11.5 Warmtedoorgangscoëfficiënt...................................................................................................62
11.6 Warmtetransmissie en geometrie............................................................................................63
11.7 Bepaling van isolatiepeil...........................................................................................................63
11.8 Bepaling van het schilpeil.........................................................................................................63
11.9 Bepaling van de globale energieprestatie: E-peil......................................................................64
11.10 Warmtecapaciteit...................................................................................................................64
12 Luchtdichtheid.................................................................................................................................64
12.1 Definitie van luchtdicht bouwen...............................................................................................64
12.2 Toepassing van luchtdicht bouwen...........................................................................................65
12.3 Luchtlekken opsporen..............................................................................................................65
12.4 Infiltrometetrietest...................................................................................................................65
13 Vochttranssport...............................................................................................................................66
13.1 Definitie van vocht....................................................................................................................66
13.2 Waterdamp in de lucht.............................................................................................................66
13.3 Relatieve vochtigheid van de lucht...........................................................................................66
13.4 Het dauwpunt van de lucht......................................................................................................66
13.5 Oorzaken van vocht in de constructies.....................................................................................67
13.6 Dampdiffusie.............................................................................................................................67
13.7 Convectief damptransport........................................................................................................68
13.8 Inwendige condensatie.............................................................................................................68
13.9 Praktisch besluit........................................................................................................................69
14 Brandveiligheid................................................................................................................................70
14.1 Definitie van brand...................................................................................................................70
14.2 Indeling van brandweerstand...................................................................................................70
14.3 De brandreactie van een bouwproduct....................................................................................71
14.4 Regelgeving omtrent brandveiligheid.......................................................................................71
15 Warmte- en damptransport............................................................................................................73
16 Isoleren...........................................................................................................................................83
Inhoud
Algemeen kader.....................................................................................................................................5
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................10
1 Cement..............................................................................................................................................12
1.1 Geschiedenis van cement...........................................................................................................12
1.2 Definitie van cement...................................................................................................................13
1.3 Toepassingen van cement..........................................................................................................13
1.4 Bestanddelen van cement..........................................................................................................13
1.5 Fabricatie van cement................................................................................................................15
1.6 Indeling van cement...................................................................................................................15
1.7 Verschil tussen cement, mortel, specie en beton.......................................................................16
1.8 Kwaliteitsgarantie van cement...................................................................................................16
1.9 Cement voor verschillende toepassingen...................................................................................17
1.10 Duurzaamheid van cement.......................................................................................................17
2 Beton.................................................................................................................................................17
2.1 Definitie van beton.....................................................................................................................17
2.2 Toepassingen van beton.............................................................................................................17
2.3 Bestanddelen van beton.............................................................................................................18
2.4 Fabricatie van beton...................................................................................................................19
2.5 Indeling van beton......................................................................................................................19
2.6 Eigenschappen van beton...........................................................................................................20
2.7 Watercementfactor (WCF)..........................................................................................................20
2.8 Consistentie van beton...............................................................................................................21
2.9 Druksterkte van beton................................................................................................................21
2.10 Gewapend beton......................................................................................................................22
2.11 Voorgespannen beton..............................................................................................................22
2.12 Classificering van de aantastingsrisico’s van beton..................................................................22
2.13 Omgevingsklassen van beton...................................................................................................22
2.14 Betontype.................................................................................................................................22
2.15 Kwaliteitsgarantie.....................................................................................................................22
2.16 Stortklaar versus zelfgemaakt beton........................................................................................23
2.17 Beton en energiebesparing.......................................................................................................23
2.18 Duurzaamheid van beton.........................................................................................................23
2.19 Beton bij brand.........................................................................................................................23
,3 Cellenbeton.......................................................................................................................................24
3.1 Geschiedenis van cellenbeton....................................................................................................24
3.2 Definitie van cellenbeton............................................................................................................24
3.3 Toepassingen van cellenbeton....................................................................................................24
3.4 Bestanddelen van cellenbeton...................................................................................................24
3.5 Fabricatie van cellenbeton..........................................................................................................24
3.6 Producten van cellenbeton.........................................................................................................24
3.7 Eigenschappen van cellenbeton.................................................................................................24
3.8 Cellenbeton en energiebesparing...............................................................................................25
3.9 Duurzaamheid van cellenbeton..................................................................................................25
3.10 Cellenbeton bij brand...............................................................................................................25
4 Kalkzandsteen....................................................................................................................................25
4.1 De geschiedenis van kalkzandsteen............................................................................................25
4.2 Toepassingen van kalkzandsteen................................................................................................25
4.3 Bestanddelen van kalkzandsteen................................................................................................25
4.4 Fabricatie van kalkzandsteen......................................................................................................25
4.5 Producten van kalkzandsteen.....................................................................................................26
4.6 Kalkzandsteen wanddeel als totaalpakket..................................................................................26
4.7 Eigenschappen van kalkzandsteen..............................................................................................26
4.8 Kalkzandsteen en energiebesparing...........................................................................................27
4.9 Duurzaamheid van kalkzandsteen..............................................................................................27
4.10 Kalkzandsteen bij brand............................................................................................................27
5 Baksteen............................................................................................................................................27
5.1 Definitie van baksteen................................................................................................................27
5.2 Toepassingen van baksteen........................................................................................................28
5.3 Bestanddelen van baksteen........................................................................................................28
5.4 Fabricatie van baksteen..............................................................................................................28
5.5 Indeling van baksteen.................................................................................................................30
5.6 Uitvoering van baksteenmetselwerk..........................................................................................31
5.7 Baksteen en energiebesparing....................................................................................................32
5.8 Duurzaamheid van baksteen......................................................................................................32
5.9 Baksteen bij brand......................................................................................................................32
6 Metalen.............................................................................................................................................32
6.1 Definitie van metalen.................................................................................................................32
6.2 Indeling van metalen..................................................................................................................33
6.3 Corrosie van metalen..................................................................................................................33
, 6.4 Staal............................................................................................................................................35
6.5 Aluminium..................................................................................................................................38
6.6 Zink.............................................................................................................................................39
6.7 Koper..........................................................................................................................................40
6.8 Lood............................................................................................................................................40
7 Hout...................................................................................................................................................42
7.1 Definitie van hout.......................................................................................................................42
7.2 Toepassingen van hout...............................................................................................................42
7.3 Structuur van hout......................................................................................................................42
7.4 Hout en water.............................................................................................................................44
7.5 Duurzaamheid van hout.............................................................................................................45
7.6 Toegepaste houtsoorten............................................................................................................46
7.7 Aanduiding van hout...................................................................................................................46
7.8 Hout en energiebesparing..........................................................................................................46
7.9 Hout bij brand.............................................................................................................................46
8 Isolatiematerialen..............................................................................................................................47
8.1 Definitie......................................................................................................................................47
8.2 Indeling van isolatiematerialen...................................................................................................47
8.3 Belangrijkste isolatiematerialen.................................................................................................48
8.4 Kwaliteitsgarantie van isolatiematerialen...................................................................................51
8.5 Duurzaamheid van isolatiematerialen........................................................................................51
8.6 Buitenmuren isoleren.................................................................................................................51
8.7 Vloeren isoleren..........................................................................................................................52
8.8 Hellende daken isoleren.............................................................................................................53
9 Glas (niet kennen)..............................................................................................................................54
10 Asbest..............................................................................................................................................54
10.1 Definitie....................................................................................................................................54
10.2 Geschiedenis van asbestgebruik...............................................................................................54
10.3 Belgische asbestproducten.......................................................................................................54
10.4 Voordelen van asbest...............................................................................................................54
10.5 Nadelen van asbest...................................................................................................................54
10.6 Indeling van asbesthoudende materialen.................................................................................55
10.7 Regelgeving met betrekking tot asbest.....................................................................................55
10.8 Herkenning van asbesthoudend materiaal...............................................................................56
10.9 Asbestafbouwbeleid in het Vlaamse Gewest............................................................................56
10.10 Werkgeversverplichtingen met betrekking tot asbest............................................................56
, 10.11 Asbest verwijderen.................................................................................................................56
11 Warmtetransmissie.........................................................................................................................57
11.1 Definitie van warmte en temperatuur......................................................................................57
11.2 Transmissievormen van warmte...............................................................................................58
11.3 Warmtetransport door de luchtlagen.......................................................................................61
11.4 Totale warmteweerstand.........................................................................................................62
11.5 Warmtedoorgangscoëfficiënt...................................................................................................62
11.6 Warmtetransmissie en geometrie............................................................................................63
11.7 Bepaling van isolatiepeil...........................................................................................................63
11.8 Bepaling van het schilpeil.........................................................................................................63
11.9 Bepaling van de globale energieprestatie: E-peil......................................................................64
11.10 Warmtecapaciteit...................................................................................................................64
12 Luchtdichtheid.................................................................................................................................64
12.1 Definitie van luchtdicht bouwen...............................................................................................64
12.2 Toepassing van luchtdicht bouwen...........................................................................................65
12.3 Luchtlekken opsporen..............................................................................................................65
12.4 Infiltrometetrietest...................................................................................................................65
13 Vochttranssport...............................................................................................................................66
13.1 Definitie van vocht....................................................................................................................66
13.2 Waterdamp in de lucht.............................................................................................................66
13.3 Relatieve vochtigheid van de lucht...........................................................................................66
13.4 Het dauwpunt van de lucht......................................................................................................66
13.5 Oorzaken van vocht in de constructies.....................................................................................67
13.6 Dampdiffusie.............................................................................................................................67
13.7 Convectief damptransport........................................................................................................68
13.8 Inwendige condensatie.............................................................................................................68
13.9 Praktisch besluit........................................................................................................................69
14 Brandveiligheid................................................................................................................................70
14.1 Definitie van brand...................................................................................................................70
14.2 Indeling van brandweerstand...................................................................................................70
14.3 De brandreactie van een bouwproduct....................................................................................71
14.4 Regelgeving omtrent brandveiligheid.......................................................................................71
15 Warmte- en damptransport............................................................................................................73
16 Isoleren...........................................................................................................................................83
