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South Africa Lernzettel apartheid
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Apanrruro nv Sormr Arrucl Qgtt&llgg4)What was apartheid?
Apartheid was a system in place in South Africa that separated people based on their race and skin colour.
There were laws that forced white people and black people to live and work apart from each other. Even though
there were less white people than black people, apartheid laws allowed white people to rule the country and
enforce the laws.
How did it start?
Apartheid became law after the National Party won the election in 1948. They declared certain areas as white
only and other areas as black only. Many people protested apartheid from the start, but they were labelled
communists and put into jail.
Living under apartheid
Apartheid as an official policy was introduced following the general
election of 1948. Living under apartheid was not fair to black people.
New legislation classified inhabitants into four racial groups ("native",
"white", "coloured", and "Asian"). Black people were forced to live in
certain areas and were not allowed to vote or travel in "white" areas
without papers. Black people and white people were not allowed to
marry each other. Many blacks, Asians, and other people of colour
were forced out of their homes and into regulated areas called
"homelands."
The government also took over the schools and forced the segregation
of white and black students. Signs were put up in many areas (e.g.
beaches, busses and other public services) declaring these areas for
"white persons only." ln general, the government provided black people
with services inferior to those of white people. Black people who broke the laws were punished or put into jail.
Non-white political representation was completely abolished in 1970, and starting in that year black people were
deprived of their citizenship.
African National Congress (ANC)
In the 1950s many groups formed to protest against apartheid. The protests were called the Defiance
Campaign. The most prominent of these groups was the African National Congress (ANC). lnitially the ANC
protests were non-violent. However, after 69 protesters were killed by police at the Sharpeville massacre in
1960, they began to take a more militaristic approach.
Nelson Mandela
One of the leaders of the ANC was a lawyer named Nelson Mandela. After the Sharpeville massacre, Nelson
led a group called the Umkhonto we Sizwe. This group took military action against the government including
bombing buildings. Nelson was arrested in 1962 and sent to prison. He spent the next 27 years in prison. During
this time in prison he became a symbol of the people against apartheid.
Soweto Uprising
On June 16, 1976 thousands of high school students took to the streets in protest. The protests began as
peaceful, but as the protesters and police clashed they turned violent. The police fired on the children. At least
176 people were killed and thousands more were injured. One of the first killed was a 13-year-old named Hector
Pieterson. Hector has since become a major symbol of the uprising. Today, June 16th is remembered by a
public holiday called Youth Day.
I nternational Pressu re
ln the 1980s, governments around the world started to pressure the South African government to end apartheid.
Many countries stopped doing business with South Africa by imposing economic sanctions against them. As the
pressure and protests increased, the government began to relax some of the apartheid laws.
Ending Apartheid
Apartheid finally came to an end in the early 1990s. Nelson Mandela was released from prison in 1990 and a
year later South African President Frederik Willem de Klerk repealed the remaining apartheid laws and called
for a new constitution. ln 1994, a new election was held in which people of allcolour could vote. The ANC won
the election and Nelson Mandela became president of South Africa.
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