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Samenvatting Argumentatieleer 2021
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Heel volledige samenvatting. De hele cursus + uitgebreide notities uit alle lessen zitten in dit document.
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SAMENVATTINGARGUMENTATIE
LEER
2020-2021
,Inhoudsopgave
Deel 1: Inleiding............................................................................................................................................. 4
Hoofdstuk 1: Basisbegrippen.......................................................................................................................... 4
1 Wat is een argumentatie?.................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Werkdefinitie: Kenmerken.........................................................................................................................4
1.2 Evaluatie van argumentatie.......................................................................................................................4
2 Argumenteren als taalhandeling/ speech act...................................................................................................5
2.1 Basiscomponenten van de taalhandeling..................................................................................................5
2.2 Geslaagdheidsvoorwaarden van taal (felicity conditions).........................................................................5
2.3 Typologie van taalhandelingen..................................................................................................................6
2.4 Soorten taalhandelingen in gegevens en standpunten (bouwstenen).....................................................7
2.5 Argumentatie als complexe taalhandeling bestuderen............................................................................7
3 Overtuigen m.b.v. Ethos, Pathos en Logos......................................................................................................10
4 Argumentatieleer vs logica..............................................................................................................................10
5 Argumenteren vs redeneren (subtiele verschillen)..........................................................................................11
6 Argumenteren vs verklaren.............................................................................................................................12
6.1 Verklaren vs uitleg...................................................................................................................................12
6.2 Soorten verklaringen...............................................................................................................................12
6.3 Verklaren vs argumenten........................................................................................................................14
6.4 Verklaren vs begrijpen.............................................................................................................................14
Hoofdstuk 2: Indicatoren en structuren........................................................................................................ 14
1 Argumentatieve indicatoren............................................................................................................................14
1.1 Verklarende indicatoren versus argumentatieve indicatoren................................................................14
1.2 Indicatoren van argument/ gegevens vs conclusie/ standpunt..............................................................15
2 Argumentatiestructuren..................................................................................................................................17
2.1 Nevenschikkende vs meervoudige argumentatiesturctuur....................................................................17
2.2 Argumentatiestructuur met substandpunten en/ of tegenargumenten................................................18
Deel 2: Logische argumentatieschema’s....................................................................................................... 19
Hoofdstuk 3:Het categorisch syllogisme....................................................................................................... 19
1 Basisbegrippen Predicaatlogica.......................................................................................................................19
1.1 Het aristolisch vierkant............................................................................................................................19
1.2 Categoriche uitspraken............................................................................................................................20
1.3 Venn-diagrammen voor (4) categorische uitspraken..............................................................................21
1.4 Conversie.................................................................................................................................................22
1.5 Obversie...................................................................................................................................................24
2 Categroisch Syllogisme....................................................................................................................................25
2.1 Het basispatroon.....................................................................................................................................25
2.2 Venn-diagrammen voor het Categorisch syllogisme...............................................................................25
2.3 Redeneerfouten.......................................................................................................................................27
3 Het Quasi-categorisch Syllogisme...................................................................................................................28
3.1 De twee basispatronen............................................................................................................................28
3.2 Venn-diagrammen voor het Quasi-categroisch syllogisme.....................................................................29
3.3 Redeneerfouten.......................................................................................................................................31
Hoofdstuk 4: Het propositioneel syllogisme.................................................................................................36
1
, 1 Basisbegrippen Propositielogica......................................................................................................................36
1.1 Waarheidstafels voor negatie, conjunctie en disjunctie.........................................................................36
1.2 Materiële implicatie en equivalentie.......................................................................................................37
1.3 De wet van de Contrapositie...................................................................................................................39
1.4 Van geldige redenering naar tautologie..................................................................................................41
2 Modus Ponens.................................................................................................................................................42
3 Modus Tollens en Reductio ad Absurdum.......................................................................................................43
3.1 Modus Tollens..........................................................................................................................................43
3.2 Reductio ad absurdum.............................................................................................................................43
4 Het hypothetisch en disjunctief syllogisme......................................................................................................44
4.1 Het hypothetisch syllogisme....................................................................................................................44
4.2 Het disjunctief syllogisme (OF-relatie)....................................................................................................47
5 Redeneerfouten...............................................................................................................................................47
Deel 3: Quasi-logische argumentatieschema’s.............................................................................................. 49
Hoofdstuk 5: Redeneren met logische operatoren in natuurlijke taal............................................................49
1 Contradictie.....................................................................................................................................................49
2 Transitiviteit.....................................................................................................................................................49
3 “En” versus conjunctie.....................................................................................................................................50
4 “Of” versus disjunctie.......................................................................................................................................50
5 “Als…dan” versus materiële implicatie............................................................................................................51
Hoofdstuk 6: Deductie, inductie en abductie................................................................................................52
1 Deductie...........................................................................................................................................................52
2 Inductie............................................................................................................................................................55
3 Abductie...........................................................................................................................................................56
Hoofdstuk 7: Enthymen, epicheireem en model van toulim..........................................................................59
1 Het enthymeen: deductie met ontbrekende premissen..................................................................................59
2 Problemen met ontbrekende premissen (abductie met ontbrekende premissen)..........................................62
3 Het epicheireem: deductie en ondersteunende premissen.............................................................................63
4 Het model van Toulmin....................................................................................................................................64
Deel 4: Ondersteunende argumentatieschema’s..........................................................................................67
Hoofdstuk 8: Argumentatie door associatie: opeenvolging en co-existentie..................................................67
1 Argumentatie o.b.v. opeenvolgingsrelaties (“na elkaar”)...............................................................................68
1.1 Causaliteit (“objectief”)...........................................................................................................................68
1.2 Evaluatie (“subjectief”)............................................................................................................................69
2 Argumentatie o.b.v. co-eistentierelaties (“tegelijk”).......................................................................................72
2.1 Persoon-gedrag........................................................................................................................................72
2.2 Persoon-groep.........................................................................................................................................73
2.3 Wezen-symptoom...................................................................................................................................73
Hoofdstuk 9: Argumentatie door associatie: inductie/ analogie....................................................................74
1 Argumentatie o.b.v. inductie/ generalisatie....................................................................................................74
2
, 2 Argumentatie o.b.v. analogie/ vergelijking.....................................................................................................74
Hoofdstuk 10: Argumentatie door dissociatie...............................................................................................79
Deel 5: Drogredenen.................................................................................................................................... 79
Hoofdstuk 11: Drogredenen m.b.t. zender en ontvanger..............................................................................80
1 Argumentum ad hominem..............................................................................................................................80
2 Argumentum ad populum (bandwagon argument)........................................................................................80
3 Argumentum ad verecundiam.........................................................................................................................80
4 Argumentum ad misericordiam.......................................................................................................................81
5 Argumentum ad baculum................................................................................................................................81
Hoofdstuk 12: Drogredenen m.b.t. de boodschap......................................................................................... 82
1 Verschuiving van bewijslast.............................................................................................................................82
2 Standpunt van tegenstander vertekenen (de stroman)..................................................................................82
3 Argumentum ad ignorantiam..........................................................................................................................82
4 Cirkelredenering (petito principii/ begging the question)...............................................................................84
5 Post hoc ergo propter hoc...............................................................................................................................84
6 Argumentum ad consequentiam.....................................................................................................................84
7 Hellend vlak (Slippery slope) argument...........................................................................................................85
8 Divisio...............................................................................................................................................................85
9 Compositio/ Secundum quid............................................................................................................................85
EXAMEN ARGUMENTATIELEER.................................................................................................................... 86
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