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NSG 5003 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE / NSG5003 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE (LATEST-2021) | SOUTH UNIVERSITY
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NSG 5003 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE / NSG5003 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE (LATEST-2021) | SOUTH UNIVERSITY
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NSG 5003 Final Exam Study Guide1. Cell cycle – mitosis = nuclear division & cytokinesis = cytoplasmic division
a. -apoptosis – programmed cell death by genetics
b. -atrophy – decrease or shrinkage in cell size - most common in skeletal muscle,
the heart, secondary sex organs, and the brain.
Pathologic Atrophy occurs with early development
Physiologic Atrophy occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use,
pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous
stimulation
2. Kidney infections -symptoms is usually acute, with fever, chills, and flank or groin pain.
Symptoms characteristic of a UTI, including frequency, dysuria, and costovertebral
tenderness, may precede systemic signs and symptoms. Older adults may have
nonspecific symptoms, such as low-grade fever and malaise. Uncomplicated acute
pyelonephritis responds well to 2 to 3 weeks of microorganism-specific antibiotic
therapy. Follow-up urine cultures are obtained at 1 and 4 weeks after treatment if
symptoms recur.
3. Kidney structures and their functions
a. The cushion of fat and the position of the kidney between the abdominal organs
and muscles of the back protect it from trauma. A medial indentation (the hilum)
is where the renal blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and ureter enter and
exit the kidney. The outer layer of the kidney is called the cortex and contains all
of the glomeruli, most of the proximal tubules, and some segments of the distal
tubule. The medulla forms the inner part of the kidney and consists of regions
called the pyramids. Renal columns extend from the cortex down between the
renal pyramids. The apexes of the pyramids project into minor calyces (cup-
shaped cavities) that unite to form major calyces. The minor calyces receive urine
from the collecting ducts through the renal papilla. The major calyces join to form
the renal pelvis, which connects with the proximal end of the ureter. The walls of
the calyces, pelvis, and ureter are lined with epithelial cells and contain smooth
muscle cells that contract to move urine to the bladder. The structural unit of the
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, kidney is the lobe. Each lobe is composed of a pyramid and the overlying cortex.
On average, there are 14 lobes in each kidney.
4. Consequence of cellular chemical injury - can lead to disruption of selective
permeability (i.e., transport mechanisms) of the plasma membrane; reduction or cessation
of cellular metabolism; lack of protein synthesis; damage to lysosomal membranes with
leakage of destructive enzymes into the cytoplasm; enzymatic destruction of cellular
organelles; cellular death (exhibited by nuclear changes); and phagocytosis of the dead
cell by cellular components of the acute inflammatory response
5. Hormones & their functions:
a. -aldosterone - Aldosterone is the most potent of the naturally occurring
mineralocorticoids and acts to conserve sodium by increasing the activity of the
sodium pump of the epithelial cells in the nephron.
Aldosterone maintains extracellular volume by acting on distal nephron epithelial
cells to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium and hydrogen excretion.52
This renal effect takes 90 minutes to 6 hours. Other effects of aldosterone include
enhancement of cardiac muscle contraction, stimulation of ectopic ventricular
activity through secondary cardiac pacemakers in the ventricles, stiffening of
blood vessels with increased vascular resistance, and decreased fibrinolysis.
b. -antidiuretic – water balance regulation and is secreted when plasma osmolality
increases or circulating blood volume decreases and blood pressure drops
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, c. -cortisol -The most potent of the naturally occurring glucocorticoids. The
secretion of cortisol is regulated primarily by the hypothalamus and the anterior
pituitary gland.
d. -estrogen- found in ovaries. Works in concert with oxytocin, exerting a calming
effect during stressful situations. Estrogen stimulates the HPA axis. In addition,
HPA axis responsiveness is greater in women than that in men. Estrogen
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directly stimulates the CRH gene promoter and the central noradrenergic
(norepinephrine) system, which may help explain adult women’s slight
hypercortisolism, increases in affective anxiety and eating disorders, mood cycles,
and vulnerability to autoimmune and inflammatory disease, all of which follow
estradiol concentration fluctuations.
e. -grehlin - Ghrelin is a hormone that is produced and released mainly by
the stomach with small amounts also released by the small intestine,
pancreas and brain. Ghrelin has numerous functions. It is termed the
‘hunger hormone’ because it stimulates appetite, increases food intake
and promotes fat storage. When administered to humans, ghrelin
increases food intake by up to 30%; it circulates in the bloodstream and
acts at the hypothalamus, an area of the brain crucial in the control of
appetite. Ghrelin has also been shown to act on regions of the brain
involved in reward processing such as the amygdala. Ghrelin also
stimulates the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland, which,
unlike ghrelin itself, breaks down fat tissue and causes the build-up of
muscle. Ghrelin also has protective effects on the cardiovascular system
and plays a role in the control of insulin release. Regulated by food intake.
6. Protein –
a. production, metabolism, purpose, etc. -
7. Electrolytes
a. -sodium -
b. -potassium -
c. -magnesium -
d. -chloride -
e. -calcium -
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