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Hoorcollege aantekeningen Development Learning and Behavior college 2 t/m 7 $6.41
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Hoorcollege aantekeningen Development Learning and Behavior college 2 t/m 7

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These notes encompass everything from lectures 2 to 7 is for the course Development Learning and Behavior. These are all lectures that are discussed at the first exam. This document is in English, since the course and exams will also be in English. In addition to the notes, screenshots of images in...

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  • May 25, 2021
  • 21
  • 2020/2021
  • Class notes
  • Jorg huijding
  • 2 t/m 7
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Development, Learning and Behavior – HC
aantekeningen

Hoorcollege 2: Prenatal development

What is development
= a specific type of change:
- qualitative  when individuals progress in developmental stages results in them becoming
different than how they were earlier or continuous gradual accumulation of small changes
- sequential  the stages of development for any process of growth happen in a prescribed
sequence / order
- cumulative  systems composed of multiple, interrelated parts: within these systems,
some parts change while others remain unchanged
- directional  development has an ultimate goal
- multifactorial  more than 1 factor changes
- individual  change and development differs between individuals

Cell division
- mitosis= normal cell division
- meiosis= sex cell division

4 developmental processes:
- mitosis
- cell migration
- cell differentiation
- apoptosis= programmed cell death

Totipotent cells have total potential. They
specialize into pluripotent cells that can give rise
to most, but not all, of the tissues necessary
for fetal development. Pluripotent cells undergo
further specialization into multipotent cells that
are committed to give rise to cells that have a
particular function. For example, multipotent
blood stem cells give rise to the red cells, white
cells and platelets in the blood.

Pluripotent stem cells are cells that have the
capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of
the early embryo and therefore into all cells of the adult body, but not extra-embryonic
tissues such as the placenta.

,Stimulation from the outside:
- 10 weeks: sense of pressure (muscle, skin, joints etc.)
- 13 weeks: detection of movement
- 20 weeks: detection of light
- 26 weeks: detection of sound
- 26-28 weeks: detection of smell and taste

Fetal movement:
- 5-6 weeks: bending of head and spine
- 8-9 weeks: startle movements (burping)
- 10 weeks: variety of limb movements
- 10-11 weeks: head movements, breathing movements
- 11-12 weeks: yawn, suck, swallow amniotic fluid
- 14 weeks: non-random movements
- 20 weeks: move all parts of face
- 25 weeks: opening and closing eyes

Functions of movement:
- swallowing  oropharyngeal cavity, lungs, digestive system
- body movements  muscle, bones, joints, skin

Teratogens

- = harmful influences from the environment on the fetus
- Stress
- Alcohol
- Drugs
- Pollutants

 time, duration and amount of exposure determine the effect on development
 the stage of development in combination with the teratogen can determine if it has
an effect or not

, Hoorcollege 3: Brain development

Hersenen en cellen
 Hersenen bestaan uit zenuwcellen/ neuronen  ontvangen en geven informatie
door
 Soma= een cellichaam
- dendrieten: ontvangen de signalen
- axon/neuriet: geleiden de signalen
 Neuronen communiceren via neurotransmitters
 Synaps= verbinding tussen neuronen
 Neuronen kunnen hun hele leven nieuwe dendrieten en synapsen ontwikkelen=
neuroplasticiteit
 Gliacellen= steuncellen, helpen goed functioneren van neuron en op plek te blijven
Deel uit PSBK-samenvatting




Resting potential= the potential of a neuron that’s not sending any signals (-70 mV)
- negative charge is caused by ions that are in and outside the neuron
- outside neuron: positively charged sodium ions
- inside neuron: negatively charged proteins and some positively charged sodium +
potassium ions
 there are more positive ions outside than inside the neuron  inside is negatively
charged

Action potential= the potential of a neuron that is active (+40 mV)
- depolarization occurs when channels open and positive ions flow into the cell
- after depolarization, a lot of positive ions leave the neuron  repolarization  charge is -
90 mV  refractory period: neuron goes back to resting potential
 this process happens in 5 milliseconds

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