Summary
Samenvatting communcatiewetenschappen
- Course
- Institution
communcatiewetenschappen
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
vhjody
Content preview
H1: Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................................... 5DEEL 1: ontwikkeling en afbaking van de discipline en de thoretische grondslagen ............................................. 6
H2: Prolegomena ................................................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Paradimatische stijd en theorietische diversiteit in de communicatiewetenschappen .................................... 6
2.1.1 Het paradigmabegrip ................................................................................................................................ 6
2.1.1.1 Paradigma en paradigmawissel........................................................................................................ 6
2.1.1.2 Paradigma’s in de sociale wetenschappen ....................................................................................... 7
2.1.1.3 Paradigma’s in de communicatiewetenschappen ............................................................................ 7
2.1.2 Communicatiewetenschappelijke theorievorming ................................................................................... 8
2.1.2.1 De notie ‘theorie ............................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.2.2 Classificeren van theorievorming...................................................................................................... 9
2.2. Centrale thema’s in de communicatiewetenschappen .................................................................................. 11
2.2.1 Macht ...................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.2 Sociale integratie en identiteit................................................................................................................ 12
2.2.3 Sociale verandering en de dubbele dimensie van media ....................................................................... 13
2.2.4 Ruimte en tijd ......................................................................................................................................... 13
H3: Bouwstenen van discipline en een praktijk ................................................................................................. 14
3.1 Het teken als basis voor betekenisvol communiceren .................................................................................... 14
3.1.1. Semiotiek ............................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.2. Teken, tekensysteem en tekenindeling ................................................................................................. 14
3.1.2.1. Teken (EX) ...................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.2.2. Tekensysteem ................................................................................................................................ 15
3.1.2.3. Tekenindeling ................................................................................................................................. 17
3.2. Elementen van het communicatieproces ..................................................................................................... 18
3.2.1. Communicator ....................................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.2. Boodschap ............................................................................................................................................. 19
3.2.2.1 Het referentiële/inhoudelijke aspect .............................................................................................. 19
3.2.2.2. Het expressieve/vormelijke aspect ................................................................................................ 19
3.2.2.3. Het relationele/appellerende aspect ............................................................................................. 20
3.2.3. Encoderen en decoderen ....................................................................................................................... 20
3.2.4. Transmissie ................................................................................................................................................. 22
3.2.5. Ontvanger .............................................................................................................................................. 23
3.2.6. Een circulair communicatieproces: het procesmodel van Oomkes ....................................................... 24
3.2.7 Wanneer is een communicatieproces geslaagd? (EX: PAS TOE) ............................................................. 25
3.3. Verschillende visies op het communicatieproces ........................................................................................... 26
3.3.1. Transmissievisie ..................................................................................................................................... 26
3.3.2. Rituele visie of het expressiemodel ....................................................................................................... 26
3.3.3. Attentievisie of het publiciteitsmodel ................................................................................................... 27
3.3.4. Receptievisie (enc-dec-model) .............................................................................................................. 27
3.3.5. Twee theoretische scholen .................................................................................................................... 28
3.4. Vormen van communicatie ............................................................................................................................ 28
3.4.1. Intrapersoonlijke communicatie ............................................................................................................ 28
3.4.2. Interpersoonlijke communicatie ............................................................................................................ 29
3.4.3. Massacommunicatie .............................................................................................................................. 29
3.4.4. Non-verbale communicatie (metacommunicatie) ................................................................................. 30
H4: Mediageschiedenis ..................................................................................................................................... 31
4.1 Mediageschiedenis: media en/ in maatschappelijke omwentelingen ............................................................ 31
4.1.1 Voorlopers van communicatie- en mediatechnologieën: orale en schriftelijke cultuur......................... 32
4.1.1.1 Orale cultuur: gesproken taal ......................................................................................................... 33
4.1.1.2 Schriftelijke/ geschreven taal .......................................................................................................... 33
1
, 4.1.2 Printmedia .............................................................................................................................................. 35
4.1.2.1 Drukkunst ........................................................................................................................................ 35
4.1.2.2. Dagbladpers ................................................................................................................................... 36
4.1.3. Beelden en beeldmedia ......................................................................................................................... 37
4.1.3.1 Registratie van beeld: fotografie..................................................................................................... 37
4.1.3.2. De illusie van beweging: film en cinema ........................................................................................ 38
4.1.4. Het tijdperk van telecommunicatie: elektronische telecommunicatie.................................................. 39
4.1.4.1. Geluidsregistratie (online clip) ....................................................................................................... 39
4.1.4.2. Radio .............................................................................................................................................. 39
4.1.4.3. Televisie ......................................................................................................................................... 40
4.1.4.4. Telegrafie ....................................................................................................................................... 40
4.1.4.5. Telefonie ........................................................................................................................................ 41
4.1.5. Hedendaagse communicatie: het tijdperk van digitalisering, convergentie en globalisering: digital
communicatie .................................................................................................................................................. 41
4.2. Ontstaan en ontwikkeling van communicatiewetenschappen als discipline ................................................. 42
4.2.1. De voorlopers in het denken van communicatie ................................................................................... 42
H5: Coming of age ............................................................................................................................................ 43
5.1. De massamaatschappij.................................................................................................................................. 43
5.1.1. Massamaatschappijtheorie.................................................................................................................... 45
5.1.2. Kritieken en evaluatie ............................................................................................................................ 45
5.2. Propaganda ................................................................................................................................................... 46
5.2.1. De propagandatheorie van lasswell....................................................................................................... 47
5.2.2. Het paradigma van kritische propagandastudies .................................................................................. 47
5.2.3. Paradigmatische strijd ........................................................................................................................... 48
5.3.Institutionalisering van de communicatiewetenschappen ............................................................................. 49
5.3.1. Founding fathers .................................................................................................................................... 49
5.3.2. Administratief en kritisch onderzoek ..................................................................................................... 50
5.4. Communicatiemodellen ............................................................................................................................... 50
5.4.1. Communicatiemodel van lasswell (1948) .............................................................................................. 51
5.4.2. Communicatieproces van shannon en weaver (1949)........................................................................... 52
H6: Snelle opkomst en bloei van de communicatiewetenschappen: slingerbewegingen in het
mainstreamparadigma ..................................................................................................................................... 53
6.1. De mosterd van communicatiewetenschap: leentjebuur bij andere disciplines ............................................ 53
6.1.1. Functionalisme en functionalistische mediatheorie .............................................................................. 53
6.1.1.1. Functionalisme ............................................................................................................................... 53
6.1.1.2. Functionalistische mediatheorie .................................................................................................... 55
6.1.1.3. Kritieken ......................................................................................................................................... 56
6.1.2. Actiegerichte benaderingen en interpretatieve theorie ........................................................................ 56
6.1.2.1. Symbolisch interactionisme ........................................................................................................... 56
6.1.2.2. Fenomelogie .................................................................................................................................. 57
6.1.2.3. Interpretatieve theorieën .............................................................................................................. 57
6.1.3. Psychologie en cognitieve dissonantie .................................................................................................. 58
6.1.4. Sociolinguïstiek ...................................................................................................................................... 59
6.1.4.1. Sociale situering van communicatief gedrag: relevantie voor media en communicatie ............... 59
6.1.4.2. Taal als heterogeen concept: ‘langue’ en ‘parole’ ......................................................................... 60
6.1.4.3. Taalgemeenschappen .................................................................................................................... 60
6.1.4.4. Sapir-Whorf-hypothese.................................................................................................................. 60
6.1.4.5. Codetheorie of deficithypothese (mensen met lage klasse starten in een lager niveau dan met
een hoge klasse).......................................................................................................................................... 61
6.2. Communicatiemodellen ............................................................................................................................... 62
6.2.1. Balansmodel of ABX-model of co-oriëntatiemodel van newcomb (1953) ............................................ 62
6.2.2. Communicatiemodel van schramm (1953) ............................................................................................ 63
6.2.3. Communicatiemodel van gerbner (1956) .............................................................................................. 63
6.2.4. Communicatiemodel van jakobson (1960)............................................................................................ 64
2
, 6.3. Evolutie effectonderzoek ............................................................................................................................... 65
6.3.1 Fase 2: limited effects ............................................................................................................................. 66
6.3.1.1 Two- & multi-step flow ................................................................................................................... 66
6.3.1.2 Mediating factors (klapper) ............................................................................................................ 67
6.3.1.3 Uses- and Gratifications .................................................................................................................. 67
6.3.2 Fase 3: powerful media (reconsidured: wordt herzien) ......................................................................... 67
6.3.2.1 Agenda-setting (McCombs en Shaw) .............................................................................................. 68
6.3.2.2 Cultivatie-onderzoek (Gerbner) ...................................................................................................... 68
6.3.2.3 Zwijgspiraal (Noelle-neumann) ....................................................................................................... 69
H7: Alternatieve paradigma .............................................................................................................................. 70
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................ 70
7.1 Marxistische benaderingen ............................................................................................................................ 70
7.1.1 Basiselementen....................................................................................................................................... 70
7.1.2 Onderbouw en bovenbouw .................................................................................................................... 71
7.1.3 Wat met media, cultuur en communicatie? ........................................................................................... 72
7.1.4 Kritiek ...................................................................................................................................................... 73
7.2 Kritische theorie (Frankfurter Schule) = FS theorie ......................................................................................... 74
7.2.1 Origine en onderzoeksprogramma ......................................................................................................... 74
7.2.2 Culturele dimensie .................................................................................................................................. 74
7.2.3. Politieke dimensie.................................................................................................................................. 75
7.2.4 Kritiek op FS ............................................................................................................................................ 76
7.3 Politieke economie (zie clip)............................................................................................................................ 77
7.3.1 Kritische politieke economie .................................................................................................................. 77
7.3.2 Onderzoeksfocus en onderzoeksdomeinen............................................................................................ 77
7.3.3 Onderzoeksprogramma .......................................................................................................................... 78
7.3.4 Kritieken op de politieke economie van communicatie ......................................................................... 78
7.4 Cultural Studies ............................................................................................................................................... 79
7.4.1 Stuart Hall: twee paradigma’s ................................................................................................................ 79
7.4.1.1 Structuralisme (focus op tekst) ....................................................................................................... 79
7.4.1.2 Culturalisme (focus op de ontvanger) ............................................................................................. 79
7.4.2 onderzoeksprogramma........................................................................................................................... 80
7.4.3 Kritiek op cultural studies: ...................................................................................................................... 80
7.5 Post-benaderingen ......................................................................................................................................... 80
7.5.1 Poststructuralisme ................................................................................................................................. 80
7.5.2. Creatieve consumptie ............................................................................................................................ 81
7.5.3. Postmodernisme .................................................................................................................................... 82
H8: Nieuwe tijden nieuwe media en nieuwe theorieën ..................................................................................... 84
8.1. Media en communicatietechnologie: een onderzoeksmatig niemandsland? ................................................ 84
8.2. Mediumtechnologische benaderingen: de Toronto School ........................................................................... 87
8.2.1. “The medium is the message” !!............................................................................................................ 88
8.3 Informatiemaatschappijtheorie (CLIP) à zie andere sv ................................................................................. 89
8.3.1. Verschillende invalshoeken op het vraagstuk van de informatiemaatschappij..................................... 89
8.3.2. De netwerkmaatschappij ....................................................................................................................... 89
8.4. Nieuwe mediatheorieën ............................................................................................................................... 89
8.4.1. New media theory ................................................................................................................................. 89
8.4.2. Practice theory....................................................................................................................................... 90
8.4.3. Mediatization (informatie clip) .............................................................................................................. 91
H9: Sociaalwetenschappelijke mediatheorieën: de krachtlijnen (zie boek!) ...................................................... 91
DEEL 2 .............................................................................................................................................................. 92
3
, H10: De communicator: Een Mediasociologisch perspectief op mediaorganisaties, gatekeepers en professionals
......................................................................................................................................................................... 92
10.1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................................ 92
10.2 Mediasociologie............................................................................................................................................ 92
10.2.1 Mediasystemen .................................................................................................................................... 93
10.3 Media-instelling en mediaorganisatie .......................................................................................................... 94
10.4 Communicatorstudies ................................................................................................................................... 94
10.5 Gatekeeping en gatewatching...................................................................................................................... 97
10.5.1 Nieuwswaarden en selectiefactoren .................................................................................................... 98
10.6 Beroepsrol................................................................................................................................................... 103
H11: “It’s the media economy, stupid”: Basisbeginselen van media- economie............................................... 105
11.1. Economische basisprincipes van media ..................................................................................................... 105
11.1.1 Gebruiks- en ruilwaarde ..................................................................................................................... 105
11.1.2 Tweezijdige markt (media wordt dus 2 keer verkocht) ...................................................................... 105
11.1.3 Bijzondere kenmerken van mediaproducten ..................................................................................... 106
11.1.4 ‘Risky business’ en de mediakostenstructuur ..................................................................................... 107
11.1.5 ‘Economies of scale’ en ‘economies of scope’ .................................................................................... 107
11.2. Antwoorden en strategieën tegenover de ‘risky media business’ ............................................................. 108
11.3. Nieuwe media-economie ........................................................................................................................... 110
H12: Media, normativiteit en beleid: Een complexiteit aan spanningsvelden .................................................. 111
12.1 Normatieve modellen ................................................................................................................................. 111
12.1.1 Four Theories of the press .................................................................................................................. 111
12.2 Mediabeleid ................................................................................................................................................ 113
12.2.1 Mediabeleid als he resultaat van de I, I en I mix................................................................................. 114
12.2.2 Spanningsvelden van mediabeleid ..................................................................................................... 114
12.3 Normatieve aspecten van media ................................................................................................................ 115
H13: Content is King? Een blik op de mediaboodschap, representatie en cultuur ............................................ 117
13.1 Inhoudsanalyse (niet te kennen!) ............................................................................................................... 117
13.2 Representatie, beeldvorming en media ...................................................................................................... 117
13.2.1 Representatie: weerspiegeling en vertekening?................................................................................. 117
13.2.2 Stereotypering en categorisering ....................................................................................................... 119
13.2.3 Belang van beeldvorming in de media ................................................................................................ 119
13.2.3.1 Beeldvorming onderzocht: ‘framing’ en ‘framinganalyse’ .............................................................. 120
13.3 Verschillende vormen van media-inhoud ................................................................................................... 121
13.4 Cultuur ........................................................................................................................................................ 121
H14: De ontvanger doorgelicht: publieksonderzoek en persuasieve communicatie ......................................... 123
14.1 Wie/Wat is de ontvanger? .......................................................................................................................... 123
14.2 Ontwikkelingen in het publieksonderzoek .................................................................................................. 124
14.3 Persuasieve communicatie ......................................................................................................................... 124
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller vhjody. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.24. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
80467 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now