Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences, International Edition
This is a comprehensive summary of all substance for OP1: Experiment. The lectures have been extensively incorporated into this summary. Thanks to this summary, I completed this course with a 9.1.
Week 1 – Werkgroep 1
Webcollege
Milgam Experiment (obedience to authority)
à 65% continued to highest level
à Is this a true experiment?
Elements of experimental designs
- Manipulation
- Measurement
- Comparison
- Control
Manipulation
- The researcher manipulates one variable by changing its value to create a set of two
or more treatment conditions
- The independent variable
- The primary purpose of manipulation is to allow researchers to determine the
direction of a relationship.
- A second purpose for manipulation is to help researchers control the influence of
outside variables.
Example: the influence of social norms (Cialdini, Reno, & Kallgren (1990))
,Measurement
- A second variable is measured for a group of participants to obtain a set of scores in
each treatment condition
- The dependent variable
Example: the influence of social norms (Cialdini, Reno, & Kallgren (1990))
Comparison
- The scores in one treatment condition are compared with the scores in another
treatment condition
- Consistent differences between treatments are evidence that the manipulation has
caused changes in the scores
- The term experimental group refers to the treatment condition in an experiment.
- The term control group refers to the no-treatment condition in an experiment.
o In an experiment, a no-treatment control group is a condition in which the
participants do not receive the treatment being evaluated.
- A placebo control group is a condition in which participants receive a placebo
instead of the actual treatment.
o The placebo effect refers to a response by a participant to an inert
medication that has no real effect on the body. The placebo effect occurs
simply because the individual thinks the medication is effective.
Example: the influence of social norms (Cialdini, Reno, & Kallgren (1990))
Control
- All other variables are controlled to be sure that they do not influence the two
variables being examined
- In the context of an experiment, the particular concern is to identify and control any
third variable that changes systematically along with the independent variable and
has the potential to influence the dependent variable.
, Example: the influence of social norms (Cialdini, Reno, & Kallgren (1990))
Is the Milgram Experiment a true experiment?
- No manipulation
o Only one group
- There is a measurement
o How far will the teachers go?
- No comparison
o Only one group
- There is some control
o Scripted communication
à No true experiment!
Marshmallow Onderzoek
Denk tijdens het kijken na over:
- De vier elementen van een experimenteel design (zoals besproken in het web
college)
- Of dit een echt experiment is of niet en waarom
- De verschillen tussen de twee onderzoeken (video 1 en 2)
Video 1
- No manipulation
- There is a measurement
o How long will they wait?
- Comparison?
o Jongens vs meisjes?
- Some control
o Zelfde vrouw
à No true experiment
Video 2
- There is manipulation
o Reliability
- There is a measurement
o How long they wait
- There is comparison
o Reliable vs. unreliable condition
- There is some control
o Zelfde vrouw
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