100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Summary Knowledge Representation $8.10   Add to cart

Summary

Summary Knowledge Representation

1 review
 38 views  3 purchases
  • Course
  • Institution

Pre-master Data Science and Society at Tilburg University The contents of the course are organized into three well-connected modules. The first module is the shortest one and introduces basic concepts and terminology. The other two modules are longer and with increasing complexity. More details...

[Show more]

Preview 4 out of 80  pages

  • May 28, 2021
  • 80
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

1  review

review-writer-avatar

By: esmeray • 2 year ago

avatar-seller
Knowledge Representation




19-05-2021

,Inhoudsopgave
Module 1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Video Lecture 1 Preliminary concepts ................................................................................................................ 3
Quiz lecture 1................................................................................................................................................. 6
Video Lecture 2 Logical entailment .................................................................................................................... 7
Quiz lecture 2............................................................................................................................................... 15

Module 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ 16
Video lecture 3 The Prolog Language ............................................................................................................... 16
Quiz lecture 3............................................................................................................................................... 25
Video Lecture 4 Writing Prolog programs ........................................................................................................ 26
Quiz lecture 4............................................................................................................................................... 33
Video Lecture 5 Working with lists in Prolog .................................................................................................... 34
Quiz lecture 5............................................................................................................................................... 45
Video Lecture 6 Satisfying constraints in Prolog .............................................................................................. 46
Quiz lecture 6............................................................................................................................................... 54

Module 3 ........................................................................................................................................................ 55
Video Lecture 7 Sub-symbolic knowledge representation ................................................................................ 55
Quiz lecture 7............................................................................................................................................... 64
Video lecture 8 Causal cognitive modeling ....................................................................................................... 65

,Module 1
The theoretical concepts elaborate on general concepts such as artificial intelligence,
knowledge, representation, thinking, and reasoning. Many of these concepts inherently
have a philosophical connotation. We will also cover the main difference between
symbolic and sub-symbolic artificial intelligence. Towards the end of the first module, we
will discuss a procedure for thinking, which is the fancy name, we (mathematicians,
logicians and computer scientists) have given to the logical entailment procedure.

Video Lecture 1 Preliminary concepts

Artificial Intelligence

Knowledge, representation and reasoning
are the building blocks of this course.

Artificial intelligence is the study of
intelligence behavior achieved through
computational means

We need to imitate human intelligence in
order to solve complex problems that we
cannot solve.

Thinking is just processing of a big
knowledge base from which we can get new pieces of knowledge, so we can solve a certain a
problem.

Reasoning is the formal manipulation of symbols representing a collection of propositions.
Because the idea here is to produce new knowledge, so new propositions.

Artificial intelligence



Symbolic reasoning sub-symbolic reasoning

Symbolic artificial intelligence is about manipulating symbols in order to produce new
knowledge. This is called the Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence.

In sub-symbolic artificial intelligence the goal is pretty much the same, but here we are not
just manipulating symbols. We are able to manipulate more complex knowledge structures,
for example numbers or even more complex structures.

Advantages or disadvantages

Symbolic reasoning, we can understand how the manipulation goes, so we are able
to understand how a decision is made.

, This is not so simple when it comes to sub-symbolic reasoning. The main reason is
because those very powerful algorithms behave like black boxes. So they’re able to
solve the problem very efficiently, very accurately, however, we cannot always
understand how this process works.



Gottfried (von) Leibniz was a prominent German Logician

• According to Leibniz’s idea, everything can be modelled using symbols, even numerical
quantities.
• For example, the numerical quantity ‘fourteen’ is an abstract entity that can be
represented as 14, XIV or 1110.
• The point here is that we don’t operate with abstract entities instead we operate with
the symbols we use to encode those entities.
• Therefore, we should be able to manipulate those symbols in order to perform
symbolic reasoning and produce new pieces of knowledge.

By convention, we say that numbers are special symbols because we have different rules
(which are the arithmetic rules) to operate these symbols.

In the case of pure symbols, we have the rules of logic in order to manipulate them and
produce new pieces of knowledge.

Symbolic representation

Overall, we want symbolic representations* able to:

• We should represent the problem domain very accurately. This means we should be
able to express the universe, the environment or that problem domain, using precise
facts.
• We should clearly express how to obtain new knowledge.

Granularity means the level of detail to which we’re going to represent the knowledge.

What is meant by the term Granularity in a Data Warehouse?
• The level of detail available

What Determines Granularity?
- The level of data loaded into the fact table
• Per order numbers
• Daily numbers
• Weekly numbers


Proposition versus sentences

• Propositions are ideas that can be expressed through declarative sentences

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller wouterkloosterman. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $8.10. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

57114 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$8.10  3x  sold
  • (1)
  Add to cart