SEHS HL: a collection of all the questions and answers of ib past papers markscheme, organised by topics from topic 1 to topic 12.
Ib is very strict and studying the markscheme and the way to answer the questions will help you to study the amount needed and getting full points in the exams.
TOPIC 1 ANATOMY
Distinguish between contractility, extensibility and elasticity.
Contractility: ability of muscle to shorten under tension /lengthen under tension
Extensibility: lengthen beyond its resting length
Elasticity: ability to return to its resting length when relaxed
Describe the functions of ligaments and tendons in a joint such as the knee joint.
tendons connect muscles to bones
ligaments connect bones to bones
ligaments and tendons stabilise joints
tendons enable flexion and/ or extension of the joint
Define the term origin of a muscle.
«often proximal» attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone
Compare and contrast the structure of fast-twitch (type IIa and IIb) muscle fibres
Describe delayed onset muscle soreness:
A hight intensity exercise programme involving eccentric exercise is likely to generate the most soreness
Is associated with injury <within the >/ micro tears of fibres/inflammationary actions/overheating
Normally occurs 24-72 hours after exercise
Symptoms can last up to 5 days
TOPIC 2 EXERCISE PHYSOLOGY
A
,SEHS MARKSCHEME
C
What cardiovascular adaptations can result from endurance training
A. Increased left ventricular volume and increased capillarization
Outline nervous control of ventilation during exercise.
Inspiration:
<Chemo>receptors <in the carotid artery/aorta> detect a decrease in pH / increase in CO2 / H+ ions
OR
<Proprio>receptors in the muscles detect muscle contraction ✔
brain stem / medulla oblongata receives information from receptors and sends an impulse to <inspiratory>
muscles <via phrenic nerve> ✔
respiratory muscles contract more forcefully ✔
Expiration:
Stretch receptors detect lung stretch ✔
Brainstem / medulla <oblongata> sends an impulse to stimulate expiratory muscles to contract ✔
Additional respiratory muscles cause a greater depth and rate of breathing ✔
Outline the chemical control of ventilation during exercise.
ventilation is «chemically» regulated by blood acidity levels/low pH ✔
blood acidity levels increase/pH drops due to an increase in carbon dioxide levels ✔
blood acidity levels are detected by chemoreceptors ✔
medulla oblongata/ANS/respiratory control centre receive information from receptors ✔
increased blood acidity «and information from the proprioceptors» increases the depth / rate of ventilation ✔
Accept appropriately labelled diagram.
Explain the process of gaseous exchange at the alveoli.
gases diffuse across the alveoli membrane ✔
movement is from high to low partial pressure/concentration gradient ✔
oxygen partial pressure is higher in air breathed in compared to blood ✔
carbon dioxide has a higher partial pressure in blood compared to lungs ✔
the concentration gradient is maintained due to ventilation / blood flow ✔
diffusion is facilitated by the thin / moist barrier/ large alveoli surface area between blood and alveoli ✔
greater volumes of gases diffusing across alveoli membrane when exercising ✔
Accept answers in the converse where appropriate.
[4 max]
Describe the process of oxygen exchange between the lungs and pulmonary capillaries at rest.
Gases/O2 move from a high to low partial pressure / concentration gradient✔
Oxygen partial pressure is higher in the lungs than in the capillary
OR
oxygen/O2 moves from the lungs/alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries ✔ Gases/O2 diffuse across the
membranes / into blood✔
The capillary and alveoli walls are 1 cell thick <which assists in the high rate of diffusion>✔
A large surface area increases diffusion rate✔
, SEHS MARKSCHEME
the amount and rate of gas exchange that occurs across the membrane depends on the partial pressure of
O2, the thickness of the wall and the surface area <which is Fick’s Law>✔
<98 %> oxygen combines with hemoglobin <to form oxyemoglobin>✔
Describe the path taken by blood from the right ventricle to the left [3 marks] ventricle.
from the right ventricle blood travels «through pulmonary valve» into pulmonary artery ✔
from pulmonary artery blood travels to the lungs «gets oxygenated» and back to the heart via pulmonary
vein ✔
from pulmonary vein blood enters the left atrium ✔
from left atrium blood travels to left ventricle «via bicuspid valve» ✔ Accept a labelled diagram.
3c. Describe the exchange of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream during [4 marks] exercise.
there are increasing levels of CO2 during exercise ✔ diffusion gradient / rate of exchange is increased ✔
gases move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration ✔
CO2 is carried in the blood as bicarbonate (ions) dissolved in plasma (bound to hemoglobin)
OR
CO2 is carried in the form of bicarbonate ✔
CO2 <dissolved in plasma> diffuses from <pulmonary> capillaries into the alveoli and exhaled ✔
(when blood enters the lungs) carbonic acid dissociates into CO2 and H2O ✔
CO2 is released from hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin) in the lungs and into the alveoli and exhaled ✔
b. Describe long-term vascular adaptations to endurance training.
increased capillarisation in lungs/ trained muscles ✔ blood plasma increases ✔
red blood cell count / hemoglobin increases ✔
more effective blood redistribution ✔
these factors result in increased arterio-venous oxygen difference (a- VO2 difference) ✔
decreased resting blood pressure ✔ improved elasticity of blood vessels ✔ decreased resting heart rate ✔
increased stroke volume ✔
lower working heart rate when working at the same intensity as to prior to the training occurred ✔
Lower working HR needs to be clearly linked to when working at the same intensity as prior to training
[4 max]
Distinguish between maximal oxygen consumption during cycling and arm ergometry.
cycling produces higher maximal oxygen consumption/VO2max values than arm ergometry ✔
Accept in the converse.
Define systolic blood pressure: the force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction
Predict the effect of a 100m sprint on a runner’s systolic and diastolic blood pressure
increase in systolic blood pressure
no change/slight decrease in diastolic blood pressure
State one component transported by blood
«erythrocytes / leucocytes / platelets», plasma, electrolytes, proteins, gases, nutrients, waste products,
hormones
State two functions of the trachea.
low resistance pathway for airflow
provides defence against harmful substances inhaled
warms and moistens the incoming air
Describe the path taken by blood from the right ventricle to the left ventricle.
from the right ventricle blood travels «through pulmonary valve» into pulmonary artery
from pulmonary artery blood travels to the lungs «gets oxygenated» and back to the heart via pulmonary
vein
from pulmonary vein blood enters the left atrium
from left atrium blood travels to left ventricle «via bicuspid valve»
Outline nervous control of ventilation during exercise.
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