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Cell injury and cell death
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An overview of cell injury, apoptosis and necrosis in cells
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III. Cell injury and cell death Fatty change--liver. The cytoplasm has a foamy orbubbly appearance. This is due to the presence of
What will happen to the liver if excessive alcohol is used over a long period? minute globules of fat. As the amount of fat increases
these globules coalesce producing larger and larger
Fatty change in liver: globules. Therefore, in some cells you will see two or
three small vacuoles. The reagents used to process the
-The cytoplasm has a foamy or sections are fat solvents, so what you see is the space
the fat occupied.
bubbly appearance
- Can be recovered to normal
Na & K pump: it pumps sodium out of cells while pumping potassium into cells, both against their
concentration gradients. This pumping is active and is important for cell physiology. An example
Human cell Structure application is nerve conduction. Failure of this pump leads l to dysfunction of the cell.
Lysosome contains: hydrolytic
enzymes that can digest proteins, fats and carbohydrates
Sodium-Potassium
Pump
Na:
143mmol/l
K: 5 mmol/l
Inside
Na: 9
Lysosome cell
mmol/l
ATP K:ADP
135 +
Pi
Highly differentiated
surface epithelium of
respiratory tract is
more susceptible to
cigarette smoke than
less differentiated
basal layer
Factors Affecting Cell Injury
• kind, severity, and duration of injury.
• Type of cells affected,
• Adaptive mechanisms are available
Outcome of cell injury
• Morphologic changes:
- cell swelling (within minutes)
- chromatin clumping
, 100 to 200 rad delivered to the entire
body in less than a day may cause
acute radiation syndrome. In this
syndrome, patient suffer from nausea
and vomiting, and symptoms related
to falling blood counts, and
predisposition to infection and
bleeding.
- Whole body doses of more than
1,000 rad are almost invariably fatal
A free radical prefers to steal electrons from the lipid membrane of a cell, initiating
a free radical attack on the cell known as lipid peroxidation. This results in damage
to cell membrane that impair its function. The immune cells of the body give a
burst of these free radicals to kill the germs when we become infected with
bacteria, fungus, and parasites. These free radicals if release outside the cell can
cause damage to surrounding tissue also.
Oxygen therapy, also known as supplemental oxygen, is the use of oxygen as a
medical treatment. This can include for low blood oxygen, carbon monoxide
toxicity and to maintain enough oxygen while inhaled anesthetics are given. Long
term oxygen is often useful in people with chronically low oxygen such as from
severe COPD or cystic fibrosis
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