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Samenvatting Anatomie 17/20! (E09G1A)
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Gestructureerde en volledige samenvatting + TESTEN van anatomie gegeven door H. Hoekstra in het tweede semester van het eerste jaar biomedische wetenschappen aan KUL.
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ANATOMIEINHOUD
Les 1: Cellen en weefsels...........................................................................................................................................7
Orgaanstelsels en belagrijke functies....................................................................................................................7
anatomische gebieden..........................................................................................................................................7
anatomische richtingen.........................................................................................................................................7
anatomie van doorsneden....................................................................................................................................8
lichaamsholten en functies...................................................................................................................................8
De huid..................................................................................................................................................................8
functies en lagen van de huid – opperhuid (epidermis)...................................................................................8
epidermis...........................................................................................................................................................9
dermis & hypodermis........................................................................................................................................9
accessoire structuren van de huid....................................................................................................................9
brandwonden....................................................................................................................................................9
les 2: musculoskeletaal 1...........................................................................................................................................9
Musculoskeletaal stelsel.......................................................................................................................................9
nomenclatuur......................................................................................................................................................10
synoviale gewrichten...........................................................................................................................................10
Glijdend gewricht............................................................................................................................................10
scharnierend gewricht.....................................................................................................................................10
draaigewricht..................................................................................................................................................11
condylair gewricht...........................................................................................................................................11
zadelgewricht..................................................................................................................................................11
kogelgewricht..................................................................................................................................................11
osteologie............................................................................................................................................................11
parasinale sinussen.............................................................................................................................................11
axiaal skelet (beenderen gelegen rond de lichaamsas)......................................................................................11
algemeen.........................................................................................................................................................12
wervelkolom....................................................................................................................................................12
ribbenkast........................................................................................................................................................12
apendiculair skelet (skelet van de ledematen)...................................................................................................12
algemeen.........................................................................................................................................................12
schoudergordel...............................................................................................................................................12
bovenste ledematen.......................................................................................................................................13
onderste ledematen........................................................................................................................................13
1
,les 3: musculoskeletaal stelsel 2.............................................................................................................................13
Het spierstelsel....................................................................................................................................................13
skeletspierweefsel...............................................................................................................................................14
axiale spieren.......................................................................................................................................................14
bovenste lidmaat.................................................................................................................................................15
schouder..........................................................................................................................................................15
rotator cuff......................................................................................................................................................15
shoulder impingement....................................................................................................................................15
flexoren van de arm........................................................................................................................................16
extensoren van de onderarm..........................................................................................................................16
axillary inlet.....................................................................................................................................................16
veneuze retour................................................................................................................................................16
in the clinic......................................................................................................................................................16
onderarm.............................................................................................................................................................16
oppervlakkige flexoren....................................................................................................................................17
flexor digitorum superficialis...........................................................................................................................17
flexor digitorum profundus.............................................................................................................................17
m. flexor pollicus longus (duim buiger)...........................................................................................................17
extensoren onderarm (doen pols en vingers strekken)..................................................................................17
epicondylitis (tennis/golf elleboog).................................................................................................................17
hand.................................................................................................................................................................18
carpal tunnel syndroom (compressie op nervus medianus)...........................................................................18
onderste lidmaat.................................................................................................................................................18
Gluteale musculatuur (heupgordelspieren)....................................................................................................18
bovenbeen.......................................................................................................................................................18
vaat zenuw bundel – lies.................................................................................................................................19
n. ischiadicus (posterieure zijde).....................................................................................................................19
onderbeen...........................................................................................................................................................19
compartimentsyndroom.................................................................................................................................19
oppervlakkig posterieure compartiment onderbeen.....................................................................................20
diep compartiment..........................................................................................................................................20
flexoren van de voet (tarsale tunnel)..............................................................................................................20
lateraal compartiment (lateraal van de fibula)...............................................................................................20
anterieur compartiment (voetheffers -> extensie/dorsoflexie).....................................................................20
extensoren voet..............................................................................................................................................21
les 4: zenuwstelsel en algemene zintuigen.............................................................................................................21
centraal zenuwstelsel..........................................................................................................................................21
2
, perifeer zenuwstelsel..........................................................................................................................................21
meningen: hersen- en ruggenmerg vliezen........................................................................................................21
ruggenmerg.........................................................................................................................................................22
functionele organisatie cellen in de grijze stof...................................................................................................22
gerefereerde pijn.................................................................................................................................................22
Reflexboog...........................................................................................................................................................22
hersenen..............................................................................................................................................................22
diencephalon, hersenstam & cerebellum...........................................................................................................22
diencephalon & hersenstam...............................................................................................................................23
ventrikels van de hersenen.................................................................................................................................23
cerebrospinale vloeistof......................................................................................................................................23
cerebrum.............................................................................................................................................................23
basale kernen......................................................................................................................................................23
12 hersenzenuwen..............................................................................................................................................23
ruggenmergzenuwen..........................................................................................................................................24
zenuwplexussen..................................................................................................................................................24
communicatie CZS & PZS / organen....................................................................................................................25
sympatische zenuwstelsel...................................................................................................................................25
parasympatische zenuwstelsel............................................................................................................................25
effecten AZS.........................................................................................................................................................26
oog & oor.............................................................................................................................................................26
les 5: hart en bloedsomloop....................................................................................................................................26
hart en bloedsomloop.........................................................................................................................................26
hart en cardiovasculair stelsel.............................................................................................................................27
opbouw van het hart...........................................................................................................................................27
rechter atrium.....................................................................................................................................................28
valva tricuspidalis................................................................................................................................................28
rechter atrium.....................................................................................................................................................28
valva pulmonalis..................................................................................................................................................28
truncus pulmonalis (pulmonaalcirculatie)..........................................................................................................28
linker atrium........................................................................................................................................................28
Mitraalklep..........................................................................................................................................................28
aortaklep.............................................................................................................................................................29
coronaire circulatie (kransslagaders)..................................................................................................................29
elektrisch geleidingssysteem...............................................................................................................................29
autonome innervatie...........................................................................................................................................29
grote vaten..........................................................................................................................................................29
3
, arcus aorta...........................................................................................................................................................30
bloedtoevoer hoofd-hals.....................................................................................................................................30
arteriën + veneus systeem..................................................................................................................................30
aorta (descendens) abdominalis.........................................................................................................................30
aa. mesentericae.................................................................................................................................................30
Les 6: endocrien stelsel en lymfe & immuniteit......................................................................................................31
endocriene stelsel...............................................................................................................................................31
Diencephalon......................................................................................................................................................31
hypothalamus – hypofyse – bijnier.....................................................................................................................31
hypofyse: sella turcica (Turkse zadel).................................................................................................................31
hypofysehormonen.............................................................................................................................................31
schildklieren........................................................................................................................................................32
Arcus aorta..........................................................................................................................................................32
4 bijschildklieren..................................................................................................................................................32
bijnieren..............................................................................................................................................................32
Pancreas..............................................................................................................................................................32
lymfestelsel.........................................................................................................................................................32
Lymfecapillairen..................................................................................................................................................33
lymfevaten...........................................................................................................................................................33
tonsillen – lymfoïde weefsel...............................................................................................................................33
lymfeknopen........................................................................................................................................................33
thymus.................................................................................................................................................................33
milt.......................................................................................................................................................................33
les 7: ademhalingsstelsel.........................................................................................................................................33
functie ademhalingsstelsel..................................................................................................................................33
componenten......................................................................................................................................................34
Sinussen...............................................................................................................................................................34
Larynx..................................................................................................................................................................34
expansie van de longen.......................................................................................................................................34
diafragma............................................................................................................................................................34
Thoraxwand.........................................................................................................................................................34
hoek van Louis.....................................................................................................................................................35
Longen – rechterlong..........................................................................................................................................35
longen – linkerlong..............................................................................................................................................35
les 8: spijsverteringsstelsel......................................................................................................................................35
het spijsverteringskanaal....................................................................................................................................35
functies................................................................................................................................................................36
4
, de mondholte – cavitas oris................................................................................................................................36
opbouw tand.......................................................................................................................................................36
speekselklieren....................................................................................................................................................36
maag (gaster).......................................................................................................................................................36
dunne darm.........................................................................................................................................................37
dunne darmwand................................................................................................................................................37
duodenum...........................................................................................................................................................37
pancreas..............................................................................................................................................................37
lever (hepar)........................................................................................................................................................37
galblaas – vesica fellea........................................................................................................................................38
dikke darm...........................................................................................................................................................38
aa. mesentericae.................................................................................................................................................38
rectum / anale kanaal / anus..............................................................................................................................38
les 9: urogenitaal stelsel..........................................................................................................................................39
het urinaire stelsel...............................................................................................................................................39
ligging van de nieren...........................................................................................................................................39
de bouw van de nier............................................................................................................................................39
vascularisatie.......................................................................................................................................................39
vascularisatie.......................................................................................................................................................40
urinewegen..........................................................................................................................................................40
mictie (urinelozing)..............................................................................................................................................40
HET VOORTPLANTINGSSTELSEL..........................................................................................................................40
tractus genitalis – man........................................................................................................................................40
accessoire klieren zaadvocht...............................................................................................................................41
de penis...............................................................................................................................................................41
inwendige geslachtsorganen – vrouw.................................................................................................................41
uterus..................................................................................................................................................................41
uterus – vagina....................................................................................................................................................42
bekkenbodem – vrouw........................................................................................................................................42
de vulva = pudendum..........................................................................................................................................42
de borst...............................................................................................................................................................42
sterilisatie............................................................................................................................................................42
Toets 1: cellen en weefsels.....................................................................................................................................43
toets 2: musculoskeletaal 1.....................................................................................................................................45
toets 3: musculoskeletaal 2.....................................................................................................................................47
toets 4: zenuwstelsel & algemene zintuigen..........................................................................................................50
toets 5: hart en bloedsomloop................................................................................................................................51
5
,toets 6: endocrien stelsel en lymfe & immuniteit..................................................................................................53
toets 7: ademhalingsstelsel.....................................................................................................................................54
toets 8: spijsverteringsstelsel..................................................................................................................................55
Toets 9: urogenitaal stelsel.....................................................................................................................................57
6
,LES 1: CELLEN EN WEEFSELS
ORGAANSTELSELS EN BELAGRIJKE FUNCTIES
Spierstelsel
maakt beweging mogelijk, stevigheid, produceert warmte
Zenuwstelsel (centraal & perifeer)
maakt onmiddellijke reactie op prikkels mogelijk, coördineert activiteiten van andere stelsels
Endocrien stelsel
reguleert langdurige veranderingen in de activiteit van andere stelsels
Cardiovasculair stelsel
transporteert cellen, opgeloste stoffen, voedingsstoffen, afvalstoffen & gassen
Lymfestelsel
verdedigt tegen infecties & ziektes, zorgt voor terugkeer weefselvocht naar de bloedsomloop
Ademhalingsstelsel
transporteert lucht naar plaatsten waar gasuitwisseling is tussen buitenlucht en circulerend bloed
Spijsverteringsstelsel
verwerkt voedsel, neemt voedingsstoffen op, verwijdert afvalstoffen
Urinair stelsel
verwijdert overtollig water, zouten & afvalstoffen
Mannelijk voortplantingssysteem
produceert geslachtscellen & hormonen
Vrouwelijk voortplantingssysteem
produceert geslachtscellen & hormonen, ondersteunt embryonale en foetale ontwikkeling
Huid
beschermt tegen gevaren uit omgeving, rol bij regeling lichaamstemperatuur
Skelet
ondersteuning, beschermt weefsels, opslagplaats voor mineralen, vormt bloedcellen
ANATOMISCHE GEBIEDEN
Kwadranten buik en bekken
- Rechter bovenste kwadrant
- Linkse bovenste kwadrant
- Rechter onderste kwadrant
- Linker onderste kwadrant
Gebieden buik en bekken
- Rechter regio hypochondriaca
- Linker regio hypochondriaca
- Rechter lumbaal gebied
- Linker lumbaal gebied
- Rechter liesgebied
- Linker liesgebied
ANATOMISCHE RICHTINGEN
7
, Term Gebied of referentie voorbeeld
Anterior Voorkant, voor
Ventraal Buikzijde Navel aan ventrale zijde van lichaam
Posterior Achterzijde, achter
Dorsaal Rugzijde Schouderblad bevindt zich dorsaal
Craniaal of cefaal Hoofd Craniale/cefale rand van het bekken
bevindt zich boven de dij
Superior Boven, op een hoger niveau (richting hoofd) Neus superior tov kin
Caudaal Staart Heupen caudaal tov schouders
Inferior Onder, op een lager niveau (richting voeten) Knieën inferior tov heupen
Mediaal In de richting van lengteas van het lichaam Mediale opp van dijen kunnen tegen
elkaar aan worden gebracht
Lateraal Buitenwaartse richting, weg van de lengteas Dij scharniert met laterale opp bekken
Proximaal In de richting van een aanhechtingspunt Dij proximaal tov voet
Distaal In de richting weg van een aanhechtingspunt Vingers distaal tov pols
Oppervlakkig gelegen Dicht bij buitenkant van het lichaam Hoofdhuid oppervlakkig tov schedel
Diep gelegen Ver van de buitenkant van het lichaam Bot dij diep tov omringende spieren
ANATOMIE VAN DOORSNEDEN
Vlak Oriëntatie van het vlak Omschrijving
Transversaal/ Loodrecht op lengteas Scheidt het bovenste en onderste deel van het lichaam
horizontaal
Sagittaal Parallel aan lengteas Scheidt het linker en rechterdeel van het lichaam
Midsagittaal Sagittaal maar dan precies in het midden
Frontaal/coronaal Scheidt het ventrale en dorsale deel van het lichaam
LICHAAMSHOLTEN EN FUNCTIES
Borstholte
- 2 pleuraholten
- Pericardiale holte
Peritoneale holte
- Buikholte
- Bekkenholte
DE HUID
FUNCTIES EN LAGEN VAN DE HUID – OPPERHUID (EPIDERMIS)
8
, Bescherming
Warmte regulatie
Synthese en opslag voedingsstoffen
Sensorische gewaarwordingen
Uitscheiding van afgifte en klierproducten
EPIDERMIS
Barrière
Zelfherstel
Voorkomt vochtverlies
Bescherming tegen uv-straling
Pigmentatie
Vitamine D
Huidkanker synthese (door uv-straling)
DERMIS & HYPODERMIS
Dermis
Papillaire laag
- Losmazig bindweefsel
- Ondersteuning en voeding van de epidermis
- Bevat haarvaten, zweet- talgklieren en zenuwen
Reticulaire laag
- Elastisch en collageen bindweefsel
Hypodermis (of subcutis)
Elastisch + veel vetcellen & grote bloedvaten
Ondersteunen van huid tov spieren
ACCESSOIRE STRUCTUREN VAN DE HUID
Haren & haarfollikels
Talgklieren
Zweetklieren
Nagels
BRANDWONDEN
Indeling Schaderapport Uiterlijk en gevoel
Eerstegraads Gedood: oppervlakkige cellen epidermis Ontstoken, overgevoelig
Beschadigd: diepere lagen epidermis, papillaire laag dermis
Tweedegraad Gedood: opp + diepe cellen epidermis Blaren, zeer pijnlijk
s Beschadigd: mogelijks reticulaire laag
derdegraads Gedood: alle cellen epidermis + dermis Verkoold, geen gevoel
Beschadigd: hypodermis + diepere weefsels en organen
LES 2: MUSCULOSKELETAAL 1
MUSCULOSKELETAAL STELSEL
Functie
9
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