Detailed summary notes for physical chemistry - 3.1.3. bonding.
includes:
- bonding - metallic, ionic, dative, covalent
- intermolecular forces
- table of shapes of molecules
- VSEPR
These study notes allowed me to get an A* at end of year 12 exams.
ionic
bonding involves electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged (in lattice)
=
ions a
oh:¥a¥ III
" "
Group I II IT I II III. VIII
polyatomic ions:
150nF
-
"
outer e- 1 2 varies
3 h 5 6 7 8 sulphate carbonate 110,1
"" "
"" gain gain gain
YE ✗ 101-11 INHult
lose / gain le
-
Ze
-
lose varies size
-
ie
-
✗
hydroxide "
ammonium
I +2 variable 1-3 ✗ -3 I I ✗ nitrate / NO )
charge
1- 1- -
-
,
EG : Kt a-
Nat a-
properties of 1. B. : •
high MPTEIBPT onanist
↳
charge density charge strong bonding i. lots of bonds lattice higher MPT , smaller ,
stronger i. bonds
•
in
-
-
,
surf area
COMPARING IONIC force of attraction determined lHAR6E & IONIC RADIUS
.
SUBSTANCES
by
•
:
( small
, highly charged
=
stronger ionic bonds than larger less charged )
ionic compounds & conductivity
}
in order to conduct
+ t
solid lattice the not free to
-
in a ions are move
1. There must be
charged particles
- t -
i. ionic solids poor conductors
are
1. They be
freely moving liquid / aqueous state the ions
+
must
+
in a are
-
freely moving i. GOOD CONDUCTORS
3.1.3.2 . COVALENT BONDING
shared between 1 atoms
pair of electrons
=
Iron metal + non -
metal)
CO ORDINATE -
(DATIVE) COVALENT BOND eg .
: NH, t 1-It >
NHI
dative covalent
pair of e- shared between 2 atoms fit
=
✗✗
, Cbotn e- from Nl
µ , µ ×
IY
. µ
Ht
¥ if
"
with both e-
- -
supplied by atom + >
*
one ;
-
+ +,
H
H covalent
1- Ill + Ci >
Alai
¥
,
3. 1.3.3 .
METALLIC BONDING
i'
involves attraction between delocalised e- Al
:( 1°
=
t
a- Aly,
,
and a- a'
'
positive ions
arranged in lattice a
- -
'
>
high MPT , BPT
metal lattice factors
affecting strength good conductors ( SOLID !)
-
Mg
it a-
-
: it >
.
"
-
,
kationic radius
bigger weaker Mtonds good conductors ( LIQUID)
it
-
t.eoesosstan.am pound :
non metal morons # oritswmpoma
aol.q.t.IE#
-
lots of
strong COVALENT
.
BONDS ,
. .
. •
-
. .
.
volatile
volatility
. .
:
non -
very HIGH BPTEIMPT large amounts of energy to overcome lots of
strong covalent bonds
-
malleability :
very hard and brittle
conductors
conductivity : non -
graphite freely moving delocalised between
-
has e layers i GOOD conductor
-
.
,
diamond freely moving delocalised conductor
-
-
wa e : non
i
-
solubility :
insoluble in all solvents
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